T3D0075 - Dimethylarsinic acid

1. Hemoglobin subunit alpha

Involved in oxygen transport from the lung to the various peripheral tissues.

Arsenic binds to hemoglobin. (R052)

P69905

HBA1

SNPJam Report

• R052 — Naranmandura H, Suzuki KT: Identification of the major arsenic-binding protein in rat plasma as the ternary dimethylarsinous-hemoglobin-haptoglobin complex. Chem Res Toxicol. 2008 Mar;21(3):678-85. Epub 2008 Feb 2. [18247522 ]

2. Hemoglobin subunit beta

Involved in oxygen transport from the lung to the various peripheral tissues. LVV-hemorphin-7 potentiates the activity of bradykinin, causing a decrease in blood pressure.

Arsenic binds to hemoglobin. (R052)

P68871

HBB

SNPJam Report

• R052 — Naranmandura H, Suzuki KT: Identification of the major arsenic-binding protein in rat plasma as the ternary dimethylarsinous-hemoglobin-haptoglobin complex. Chem Res Toxicol. 2008 Mar;21(3):678-85. Epub 2008 Feb 2. [18247522 ]

3. Actin, alpha cardiac muscle 1

Actins are highly conserved proteins that are involved in various types of cell motility and are ubiquitously expressed in all eukaryotic cells.

Arsenic binds to actin. (R053)

P68032

ACTC1

SNPJam Report

• R053 — Menzel DB, Hamadeh HK, Lee E, Meacher DM, Said V, Rasmussen RE, Greene H, Roth RN: Arsenic binding proteins from human lymphoblastoid cells. Toxicol Lett. 1999 Mar 29;105(2):89-101. [10221271 ]

4. Actin, alpha skeletal muscle

Actins are highly conserved proteins that are involved in various types of cell motility and are ubiquitously expressed in all eukaryotic cells.

Arsenic binds to actin. (R053)

P68133

ACTA1

SNPJam Report

• R053 — Menzel DB, Hamadeh HK, Lee E, Meacher DM, Said V, Rasmussen RE, Greene H, Roth RN: Arsenic binding proteins from human lymphoblastoid cells. Toxicol Lett. 1999 Mar 29;105(2):89-101. [10221271 ]

5. Actin, aortic smooth muscle

Actins are highly conserved proteins that are involved in various types of cell motility and are ubiquitously expressed in all eukaryotic cells.

Arsenic binds to actin. (R053)

P62736

ACTA2

SNPJam Report

• R053 — Menzel DB, Hamadeh HK, Lee E, Meacher DM, Said V, Rasmussen RE, Greene H, Roth RN: Arsenic binding proteins from human lymphoblastoid cells. Toxicol Lett. 1999 Mar 29;105(2):89-101. [10221271 ]

6. Actin, cytoplasmic 1

Actins are highly conserved proteins that are involved in various types of cell motility and are ubiquitously expressed in all eukaryotic cells.

Arsenic binds to actin. (R053)

P60709

ACTB

SNPJam Report

• R053 — Menzel DB, Hamadeh HK, Lee E, Meacher DM, Said V, Rasmussen RE, Greene H, Roth RN: Arsenic binding proteins from human lymphoblastoid cells. Toxicol Lett. 1999 Mar 29;105(2):89-101. [10221271 ]

7. Actin, cytoplasmic 2

Actins are highly conserved proteins that are involved in various types of cell motility and are ubiquitously expressed in all eukaryotic cells.

Arsenic binds to actin. (R053)

P63261

ACTG1

SNPJam Report

• R053 — Menzel DB, Hamadeh HK, Lee E, Meacher DM, Said V, Rasmussen RE, Greene H, Roth RN: Arsenic binding proteins from human lymphoblastoid cells. Toxicol Lett. 1999 Mar 29;105(2):89-101. [10221271 ]

8. Actin, gamma-enteric smooth muscle

Actins are highly conserved proteins that are involved in various types of cell motility and are ubiquitously expressed in all eukaryotic cells.

Arsenic binds to actin. (R053)

P63267

ACTG2

SNPJam Report

• R053 — Menzel DB, Hamadeh HK, Lee E, Meacher DM, Said V, Rasmussen RE, Greene H, Roth RN: Arsenic binding proteins from human lymphoblastoid cells. Toxicol Lett. 1999 Mar 29;105(2):89-101. [10221271 ]

9. Dihydrolipoyllysine-residue acetyltransferase component of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, mitochondrial

The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex catalyzes the overall conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and CO(2), and thereby links the glycolytic pathway to the tricarboxylic cycle.

Arsenic disrupts ATP production through several mechanisms. At the level of the citric acid cycle, arsenic inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase and by competing with phosphate it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation, thus inhibiting energy-linked reduction of NAD+, mitochondrial respiration, and ATP synthesis. Hydrogen peroxide production is also increased, which might form reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress. (R001)

P10515

DLAT

SNPJam Report

• R001 — Klaassen C and Watkins J (2003). Casarett and Doull's Essentials of Toxicology. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

10. DNA repair protein complementing XP-A cells

Involved in DNA excision repair. Initiates repair by binding to damaged sites with various affinities, depending on the photoproduct and the transcriptional state of the region. Required for UV-induced CHEK1 phosphorylation and the recruitment of CEP164 to cyclobutane pyrimidine dimmers (CPD), sites of DNA damage after UV irradiation.

Arsenic binding of XPA is believed to induce carcinogenesis by affecting DNA repair. (R054)

P23025

XPA

SNPJam Report

• R054 — Kitchin KT, Wallace K: The role of protein binding of trivalent arsenicals in arsenic carcinogenesis and toxicity. J Inorg Biochem. 2008 Mar;102(3):532-9. Epub 2007 Nov 22. [18164070 ]

11. Estrogen receptor

Nuclear hormone receptor. The steroid hormones and their receptors are involved in the regulation of eukaryotic gene expression and affect cellular proliferation and differentiation in target tissues. Ligand-dependent nuclear transactivation involves either direct homodimer binding to a palindromic estrogen response element (ERE) sequence or association with other DNA-binding transcription factors, such as AP-1/c-Jun, c-Fos, ATF-2, Sp1 and Sp3, to mediate ERE-independent signaling. Ligand binding induces a conformational change allowing subsequent or combinatorial association with multiprotein coactivator complexes through LXXLL motifs of their respective components. Mutual transrepression occurs between the estrogen receptor (ER) and NF-kappa-B in a cell-type specific manner. Decreases NF-kappa-B DNA-binding activity and inhibits NF-kappa-B-mediated transcription from the IL6 promoter and displace RELA/p65 and associated coregulators from the promoter. Recruited to the NF-kappa-B response element of the CCL2 and IL8 promoters and can displace CREBBP. Present with NF-kappa-B components RELA/p65 and NFKB1/p50 on ERE sequences. Can also act synergistically with NF-kappa-B to activate transcription involving respective recruitment adjacent response elements; the function involves CREBBP. Can activate the transcriptional activity of TFF1. Also mediates membrane-initiated estrogen signaling involving various kinase cascades. Isoform 3 is involved in activation of NOS3 and endothelial nitric oxide production. Isoforms lacking one or several functional domains are thought to modulate transcriptional activity by competitive ligand or DNA binding and/or heterodimerization with the full length receptor. Isoform 3 can bind to ERE and inhibit isoform 1.

Arsenic binds to the estrogen receptor. (R054)

P03372

ESR1

SNPJam Report

• R054 — Kitchin KT, Wallace K: The role of protein binding of trivalent arsenicals in arsenic carcinogenesis and toxicity. J Inorg Biochem. 2008 Mar;102(3):532-9. Epub 2007 Nov 22. [18164070 ]

12. Glucocorticoid receptor

Receptor for glucocorticoids (GC). Has a dual mode of action: as a transcription factor that binds to glucocorticoid response elements (GRE), both for nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, and as a modulator of other transcription factors. Affects inflammatory responses, cellular proliferation and differentiation in target tissues. Could act as a coactivator for STAT5-dependent transcription upon growth hormone (GH) stimulation and could reveal an essential role of hepatic GR in the control of body growth. Involved in chromatin remodeling. Plays a significant role in transactivation.

Arsenic binds to the glucocorticoid receptor. (R054

P04150

NR3C1

SNPJam Report

• R054 — Kitchin KT, Wallace K: The role of protein binding of trivalent arsenicals in arsenic carcinogenesis and toxicity. J Inorg Biochem. 2008 Mar;102(3):532-9. Epub 2007 Nov 22. [18164070 ]

13. Glutathione reductase, mitochondrial

Maintains high levels of reduced glutathione in the cytosol.

Arsenic binds glutathione reductase, which results in the inhibition of essential biochemical reactions, alteration of cellular redox status, and eventual cytotoxicity. (R009)

P00390

GSR

SNPJam Report

• R009 — ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for arsenic. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]

14. Haptoglobin

As a result of hemolysis, hemoglobin is found to accumulate in the kidney and is secreted in the urine. Haptoglobin captures, and combines with free plasma hemoglobin to allow hepatic recycling of heme iron and to prevent kidney damage. Haptoglobin also acts as an Antimicrobial; Antioxidant, has antibacterial activity and plays a role in modulating many aspects of the acute phase response. Hemoglobin/haptoglobin complexes are rapidely cleared by the macrophage CD163 scavenger receptor expressed on the surface of liver Kupfer cells through an endocytic lysosomal degradation pathway. Uncleaved haptoglogin, also known as zonulin, plays a role in intestinal permeability, allowing intercellular tight junction disassembly, and controlling the equilibrium between tolerance and immunity to non-self antigens.

Arsenic binds to haptoglobin. (R052)

P00738

HP

SNPJam Report

• R052 — Naranmandura H, Suzuki KT: Identification of the major arsenic-binding protein in rat plasma as the ternary dimethylarsinous-hemoglobin-haptoglobin complex. Chem Res Toxicol. 2008 Mar;21(3):678-85. Epub 2008 Feb 2. [18247522 ]

15. Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1

Retains NFE2L2/NRF2 in the cytosol. Functions as substrate adapter protein for the E3 ubiquitin ligase complex formed by CUL3 and RBX1. Targets NFE2L2/NRF2 for ubiquitination and degradation by the proteasome, thus resulting in the suppression of its transcriptional activity and the repression of antioxidant response element-mediated detoxifying enzyme gene expression. May also retain BPTF in the cytosol. Targets PGAM5 for ubiquitination and degradation by the proteasome.

Arsenic binds to kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1. (R054)

Q14145

KEAP1

SNPJam Report

• R054 — Kitchin KT, Wallace K: The role of protein binding of trivalent arsenicals in arsenic carcinogenesis and toxicity. J Inorg Biochem. 2008 Mar;102(3):532-9. Epub 2007 Nov 22. [18164070 ]

16. Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 1

Involved in the base excision repair (BER) pathway, by catalyzing the poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of a limited number of acceptor proteins involved in chromatin architecture and in DNA metabolism. This modification follows DNA damages and appears as an obligatory step in a detection/signaling pathway leading to the reparation of DNA strand breaks. Mediates the poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of APLF and CHFR. Positively regulates the transcription of MTUS1 and negatively regulates the transcription of MTUS2/TIP150. With EEF1A1 and TXK, forms a complex that acts as a T-helper 1 (Th1) cell-specific transcription factor and binds the promoter of IFN-gamma to directly regulate its transcription, and is thus involved importantly in Th1 cytokine production.

Arsenic binding of PARP-1 is believed to induce carcinogenesis by affecting DNA repair. (R054)

P09874

PARP1

SNPJam Report

• R054 — Kitchin KT, Wallace K: The role of protein binding of trivalent arsenicals in arsenic carcinogenesis and toxicity. J Inorg Biochem. 2008 Mar;102(3):532-9. Epub 2007 Nov 22. [18164070 ]

17. Putative tubulin beta chain-like protein ENSP00000290377

Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules. It binds two moles of GTP, one at an exchangeable site on the beta chain and one at a non-exchangeable site on the alpha chain (By similarity).

Arsenic's carginogenicity is believed to be caused by the arsenical binding of tubulin, which results in aneuploidy, polyploidy and mitotic arrests. (R054)

A6NKZ8

• R054 — Kitchin KT, Wallace K: The role of protein binding of trivalent arsenicals in arsenic carcinogenesis and toxicity. J Inorg Biochem. 2008 Mar;102(3):532-9. Epub 2007 Nov 22. [18164070 ]

18. Putative tubulin beta-4q chain

Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules. It binds two moles of GTP, one at an exchangeable site on the beta chain and one at a non-exchangeable site on the alpha-chain (By similarity)

Arsenic's carginogenicity is believed to be caused by the arsenical binding of tubulin, which results in aneuploidy, polyploidy and mitotic arrests. (R054)

Q99867

TUBB4Q

SNPJam Report

• R054 — Kitchin KT, Wallace K: The role of protein binding of trivalent arsenicals in arsenic carcinogenesis and toxicity. J Inorg Biochem. 2008 Mar;102(3):532-9. Epub 2007 Nov 22. [18164070 ]

19. Putative tubulin-like protein alpha-4B

Arsenic's carginogenicity is believed to be caused by the arsenical binding of tubulin, which results in aneuploidy, polyploidy and mitotic arrests. (R054)

Q9H853

TUBA4B

SNPJam Report

• R054 — Kitchin KT, Wallace K: The role of protein binding of trivalent arsenicals in arsenic carcinogenesis and toxicity. J Inorg Biochem. 2008 Mar;102(3):532-9. Epub 2007 Nov 22. [18164070 ]

20. Pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component subunit alpha, somatic form, mitochondrial

The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex catalyzes the overall conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and CO(2), and thereby links the glycolytic pathway to the tricarboxylic cycle.

Arsenic disrupts ATP production through several mechanisms. At the level of the citric acid cycle, arsenic inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase and by competing with phosphate it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation, thus inhibiting energy-linked reduction of NAD+, mitochondrial respiration, and ATP synthesis. Hydrogen peroxide production is also increased, which might form reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress. (R001)

P08559

PDHA1

SNPJam Report

• R001 — Klaassen C and Watkins J (2003). Casarett and Doull's Essentials of Toxicology. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

21. Pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component subunit alpha, testis-specific form, mitochondrial

The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex catalyzes the overall conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and CO(2), and thereby links the glycolytic pathway to the tricarboxylic cycle.

Arsenic disrupts ATP production through several mechanisms. At the level of the citric acid cycle, arsenic inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase and by competing with phosphate it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation, thus inhibiting energy-linked reduction of NAD+, mitochondrial respiration, and ATP synthesis. Hydrogen peroxide production is also increased, which might form reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress. (R001)

P29803

PDHA2

SNPJam Report

• R001 — Klaassen C and Watkins J (2003). Casarett and Doull's Essentials of Toxicology. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

22. Pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component subunit beta, mitochondrial

The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex catalyzes the overall conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and CO(2), and thereby links the glycolytic pathway to the tricarboxylic cycle.

Arsenic disrupts ATP production through several mechanisms. At the level of the citric acid cycle, arsenic inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase and by competing with phosphate it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation, thus inhibiting energy-linked reduction of NAD+, mitochondrial respiration, and ATP synthesis. Hydrogen peroxide production is also increased, which might form reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress. (R001)

P11177

PDHB

SNPJam Report

• R001 — Klaassen C and Watkins J (2003). Casarett and Doull's Essentials of Toxicology. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

23. Pyruvate dehydrogenase protein X component, mitochondrial

Required for anchoring dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3) to the dihydrolipoamide transacetylase (E2) core of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complexes of eukaryotes. This specific binding is essential for a functional PDH complex.

Arsenic disrupts ATP production through several mechanisms. At the level of the citric acid cycle, arsenic inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase and by competing with phosphate it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation, thus inhibiting energy-linked reduction of NAD+, mitochondrial respiration, and ATP synthesis. Hydrogen peroxide production is also increased, which might form reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress. (R001)

O00330

PDHX

SNPJam Report

• R001 — Klaassen C and Watkins J (2003). Casarett and Doull's Essentials of Toxicology. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

24. Thioredoxin reductase 1, cytoplasmic

Isoform 1 may possess glutaredoxin activity as well as thioredoxin reductase activity and induces actin and tubulin polymerization, leading to formation of cell membrane protrusions. Isoform 4 enhances the transcriptional activity of estrogen receptors alpha and beta while isoform 5 enhances the transcriptional activity of the beta receptor only. Isoform 5 also mediates cell death induced by a combination of interferon-beta and retinoic acid.

Arsenic binds thioredoxin reductase, which results in the inhibition of essential biochemical reactions, alteration of cellular redox status, and eventual cytotoxicity. (R009)

Q16881

TXNRD1

SNPJam Report

• R009 — ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for arsenic. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]

25. Thioredoxin reductase 2, mitochondrial

Maintains thioredoxin in a reduced state. Implicated in the defenses against oxidative stress. May play a role in redox-regulated cell signaling.

Arsenic binds thioredoxin reductase, which results in the inhibition of essential biochemical reactions, alteration of cellular redox status, and eventual cytotoxicity. (R009)

Q9NNW7

TXNRD2

SNPJam Report

• R009 — ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for arsenic. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]

26. Thioredoxin reductase 3

Displays thioredoxin reductase, glutaredoxin and glutathione reductase activities. Catalyzes disulfide bond isomerization. Promotes disulfide bond formation between GPX4 and various sperm proteins and may play a role in sperm maturation by promoting formation of sperm structural components (By similarity).

Arsenic binds thioredoxin reductase, which results in the inhibition of essential biochemical reactions, alteration of cellular redox status, and eventual cytotoxicity. (R009)

Q86VQ6

TXNRD3

SNPJam Report

• R009 — ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007). Toxicological profile for arsenic. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]

27. Tubulin alpha chain-like 3

Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules. It binds two moles of GTP, one at an exchangeable site on the beta chain and one at a non-exchangeable site on the alpha chain (By similarity).

Arsenic's carginogenicity is believed to be caused by the arsenical binding of tubulin, which results in aneuploidy, polyploidy and mitotic arrests. (R054)

A6NHL2

TUBAL3

SNPJam Report

• R054 — Kitchin KT, Wallace K: The role of protein binding of trivalent arsenicals in arsenic carcinogenesis and toxicity. J Inorg Biochem. 2008 Mar;102(3):532-9. Epub 2007 Nov 22. [18164070 ]

28. Tubulin alpha-1A chain

Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules. It binds two moles of GTP, one at an exchangeable site on the beta chain and one at a non-exchangeable site on the alpha chain.

Arsenic's carginogenicity is believed to be caused by the arsenical binding of tubulin, which results in aneuploidy, polyploidy and mitotic arrests. (R054)

Q71U36

TUBA1A

SNPJam Report

• R054 — Kitchin KT, Wallace K: The role of protein binding of trivalent arsenicals in arsenic carcinogenesis and toxicity. J Inorg Biochem. 2008 Mar;102(3):532-9. Epub 2007 Nov 22. [18164070 ]

29. Tubulin alpha-1B chain

Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules. It binds two moles of GTP, one at an exchangeable site on the beta chain and one at a non-exchangeable site on the alpha chain.

Arsenic's carginogenicity is believed to be caused by the arsenical binding of tubulin, which results in aneuploidy, polyploidy and mitotic arrests. (R054)

P68363

TUBA1B

SNPJam Report

• R054 — Kitchin KT, Wallace K: The role of protein binding of trivalent arsenicals in arsenic carcinogenesis and toxicity. J Inorg Biochem. 2008 Mar;102(3):532-9. Epub 2007 Nov 22. [18164070 ]

30. Tubulin alpha-1C chain

Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules. It binds two moles of GTP, one at an exchangeable site on the beta chain and one at a non-exchangeable site on the alpha chain.

Arsenic's carginogenicity is believed to be caused by the arsenical binding of tubulin, which results in aneuploidy, polyploidy and mitotic arrests. (R054)

Q9BQE3

TUBA1C

SNPJam Report

• R054 — Kitchin KT, Wallace K: The role of protein binding of trivalent arsenicals in arsenic carcinogenesis and toxicity. J Inorg Biochem. 2008 Mar;102(3):532-9. Epub 2007 Nov 22. [18164070 ]

31. Tubulin alpha-3C/D chain

Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules. It binds two moles of GTP, one at an exchangeable site on the beta chain and one at a non-exchangeable site on the alpha chain.

Arsenic's carginogenicity is believed to be caused by the arsenical binding of tubulin, which results in aneuploidy, polyploidy and mitotic arrests. (R054)

Q13748

TUBA3C

SNPJam Report

• R054 — Kitchin KT, Wallace K: The role of protein binding of trivalent arsenicals in arsenic carcinogenesis and toxicity. J Inorg Biochem. 2008 Mar;102(3):532-9. Epub 2007 Nov 22. [18164070 ]

32. Tubulin alpha-3E chain

Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules. It binds two moles of GTP, one at an exchangeable site on the beta chain and one at a non-exchangeable site on the alpha chain (By similarity).

Arsenic's carginogenicity is believed to be caused by the arsenical binding of tubulin, which results in aneuploidy, polyploidy and mitotic arrests. (R054)

Q6PEY2

TUBA3E

SNPJam Report

• R054 — Kitchin KT, Wallace K: The role of protein binding of trivalent arsenicals in arsenic carcinogenesis and toxicity. J Inorg Biochem. 2008 Mar;102(3):532-9. Epub 2007 Nov 22. [18164070 ]

33. Tubulin alpha-4A chain

Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules. It binds two moles of GTP, one at an exchangeable site on the beta chain and one at a non-exchangeable site on the alpha chain.

Arsenic's carginogenicity is believed to be caused by the arsenical binding of tubulin, which results in aneuploidy, polyploidy and mitotic arrests. (R054)

P68366

TUBA4A

SNPJam Report

• R054 — Kitchin KT, Wallace K: The role of protein binding of trivalent arsenicals in arsenic carcinogenesis and toxicity. J Inorg Biochem. 2008 Mar;102(3):532-9. Epub 2007 Nov 22. [18164070 ]

34. Tubulin alpha-8 chain

Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules. It binds two moles of GTP, one at an exchangeable site on the beta chain and one at a non-exchangeable site on the alpha chain.

Arsenic's carginogenicity is believed to be caused by the arsenical binding of tubulin, which results in aneuploidy, polyploidy and mitotic arrests. (R054)

Q9NY65

TUBA8

SNPJam Report

• R054 — Kitchin KT, Wallace K: The role of protein binding of trivalent arsenicals in arsenic carcinogenesis and toxicity. J Inorg Biochem. 2008 Mar;102(3):532-9. Epub 2007 Nov 22. [18164070 ]

35. Tubulin beta chain

Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules. It binds two moles of GTP, one at an exchangeable site on the beta chain and one at a non-exchangeable site on the alpha chain.

Arsenic's carginogenicity is believed to be caused by the arsenical binding of tubulin, which results in aneuploidy, polyploidy and mitotic arrests. (R054)

P07437

TUBB

SNPJam Report

• R054 — Kitchin KT, Wallace K: The role of protein binding of trivalent arsenicals in arsenic carcinogenesis and toxicity. J Inorg Biochem. 2008 Mar;102(3):532-9. Epub 2007 Nov 22. [18164070 ]

36. Tubulin beta-1 chain

Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules. It binds two moles of GTP, one at an exchangeable site on the beta chain and one at a non-exchangeable site on the alpha chain (By similarity).

Arsenic's carginogenicity is believed to be caused by the arsenical binding of tubulin, which results in aneuploidy, polyploidy and mitotic arrests. (R054)

Q9H4B7

TUBB1

SNPJam Report

• R054 — Kitchin KT, Wallace K: The role of protein binding of trivalent arsenicals in arsenic carcinogenesis and toxicity. J Inorg Biochem. 2008 Mar;102(3):532-9. Epub 2007 Nov 22. [18164070 ]

37. Tubulin beta-2A chain

Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules. It binds two moles of GTP, one at an exchangeable site on the beta chain and one at a non-exchangeable site on the alpha chain (By similarity).

Arsenic's carginogenicity is believed to be caused by the arsenical binding of tubulin, which results in aneuploidy, polyploidy and mitotic arrests. (R054)

Q13885

TUBB2A

SNPJam Report

• R054 — Kitchin KT, Wallace K: The role of protein binding of trivalent arsenicals in arsenic carcinogenesis and toxicity. J Inorg Biochem. 2008 Mar;102(3):532-9. Epub 2007 Nov 22. [18164070 ]

38. Tubulin beta-2B chain

Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules. It binds two moles of GTP, one at an exchangeable site on the beta chain and one at a non-exchangeable site on the alpha chain (By similarity). TUBB2B is implicated in neuronal migration.

Arsenic's carginogenicity is believed to be caused by the arsenical binding of tubulin, which results in aneuploidy, polyploidy and mitotic arrests. (R054)

Q9BVA1

TUBB2B

SNPJam Report

• R054 — Kitchin KT, Wallace K: The role of protein binding of trivalent arsenicals in arsenic carcinogenesis and toxicity. J Inorg Biochem. 2008 Mar;102(3):532-9. Epub 2007 Nov 22. [18164070 ]

39. Tubulin beta-4B chain

Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules. It binds two moles of GTP, one at an exchangeable site on the beta chain and one at a non-exchangeable site on the alpha chain.

Arsenic's carginogenicity is believed to be caused by the arsenical binding of tubulin, which results in aneuploidy, polyploidy and mitotic arrests. (R054)

P68371

TUBB4B

SNPJam Report

• R054 — Kitchin KT, Wallace K: The role of protein binding of trivalent arsenicals in arsenic carcinogenesis and toxicity. J Inorg Biochem. 2008 Mar;102(3):532-9. Epub 2007 Nov 22. [18164070 ]

40. Tubulin beta-3 chain

Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules. It binds two moles of GTP, one at an exchangeable site on the beta chain and one at a non-exchangeable site on the alpha chain. TUBB3 plays a critical role in proper axon guidance and mantainance.

Arsenic's carginogenicity is believed to be caused by the arsenical binding of tubulin, which results in aneuploidy, polyploidy and mitotic arrests. (R054)

Q13509

TUBB3

SNPJam Report

• R054 — Kitchin KT, Wallace K: The role of protein binding of trivalent arsenicals in arsenic carcinogenesis and toxicity. J Inorg Biochem. 2008 Mar;102(3):532-9. Epub 2007 Nov 22. [18164070 ]

41. Tubulin beta-4A chain

Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules. It binds two moles of GTP, one at an exchangeable site on the beta chain and one at a non-exchangeable site on the alpha chain.

Arsenic's carginogenicity is believed to be caused by the arsenical binding of tubulin, which results in aneuploidy, polyploidy and mitotic arrests. (R054)

P04350

TUBB4A

SNPJam Report

• R054 — Kitchin KT, Wallace K: The role of protein binding of trivalent arsenicals in arsenic carcinogenesis and toxicity. J Inorg Biochem. 2008 Mar;102(3):532-9. Epub 2007 Nov 22. [18164070 ]

42. Tubulin beta-6 chain

Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules. It binds two moles of GTP, one at an exchangeable site on the beta chain and one at a non-exchangeable site on the alpha chain (By similarity).

Arsenic's carginogenicity is believed to be caused by the arsenical binding of tubulin, which results in aneuploidy, polyploidy and mitotic arrests. (R054)

Q9BUF5

TUBB6

SNPJam Report

• R054 — Kitchin KT, Wallace K: The role of protein binding of trivalent arsenicals in arsenic carcinogenesis and toxicity. J Inorg Biochem. 2008 Mar;102(3):532-9. Epub 2007 Nov 22. [18164070 ]

43. Tubulin beta-8 chain

Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules. It binds two moles of GTP, one at an exchangeable site on the beta chain and one at a non-exchangeable site on the alpha chain (By similarity).

Arsenic's carginogenicity is believed to be caused by the arsenical binding of tubulin, which results in aneuploidy, polyploidy and mitotic arrests. (R054)

Q3ZCM7

TUBB8

SNPJam Report

• R054 — Kitchin KT, Wallace K: The role of protein binding of trivalent arsenicals in arsenic carcinogenesis and toxicity. J Inorg Biochem. 2008 Mar;102(3):532-9. Epub 2007 Nov 22. [18164070 ]

44. Tubulin beta-8 chain-like protein LOC260334

Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules. It binds two moles of GTP, one at an exchangeable site on the beta chain and one at a non-exchangeable site on the alpha chain (By similarity).

Arsenic's carginogenicity is believed to be caused by the arsenical binding of tubulin, which results in aneuploidy, polyploidy and mitotic arrests. (R054)

A6NNZ2

• R054 — Kitchin KT, Wallace K: The role of protein binding of trivalent arsenicals in arsenic carcinogenesis and toxicity. J Inorg Biochem. 2008 Mar;102(3):532-9. Epub 2007 Nov 22. [18164070 ]

45. Tubulin delta chain

In the elongating spermatid it is associated with the manchette, a specialized microtubule system present during reshaping of the sperm head (By similarity).

Arsenic's carginogenicity is believed to be caused by the arsenical binding of tubulin, which results in aneuploidy, polyploidy and mitotic arrests. (R054)

Q9UJT1

TUBD1

SNPJam Report

• R054 — Kitchin KT, Wallace K: The role of protein binding of trivalent arsenicals in arsenic carcinogenesis and toxicity. J Inorg Biochem. 2008 Mar;102(3):532-9. Epub 2007 Nov 22. [18164070 ]

46. Tubulin epsilon chain

Arsenic's carginogenicity is believed to be caused by the arsenical binding of tubulin, which results in aneuploidy, polyploidy and mitotic arrests. (R054)

Q9UJT0

TUBE1

SNPJam Report

• R054 — Kitchin KT, Wallace K: The role of protein binding of trivalent arsenicals in arsenic carcinogenesis and toxicity. J Inorg Biochem. 2008 Mar;102(3):532-9. Epub 2007 Nov 22. [18164070 ]

47. Tubulin gamma-1 chain

Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules. The gamma chain is found at microtubule organizing centers (MTOC) such as the spindle poles or the centrosome. Pericentriolar matrix component that regulates alpha/beta chain minus-end nucleation, centrosome duplication and spindle formation.

Arsenic's carginogenicity is believed to be caused by the arsenical binding of tubulin, which results in aneuploidy, polyploidy and mitotic arrests. (R054)

P23258

TUBG1

SNPJam Report

• R054 — Kitchin KT, Wallace K: The role of protein binding of trivalent arsenicals in arsenic carcinogenesis and toxicity. J Inorg Biochem. 2008 Mar;102(3):532-9. Epub 2007 Nov 22. [18164070 ]

48. Tubulin gamma-2 chain

Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules. The gamma chain is found at microtubule organizing centers (MTOC) such as the spindle poles or the centrosome. Pericentriolar matrix component that regulates alpha/beta chain minus-end nucleation, centrosome duplication and spindle formation (By similarity).

Arsenic's carginogenicity is believed to be caused by the arsenical binding of tubulin, which results in aneuploidy, polyploidy and mitotic arrests. (R054)

Q9NRH3

TUBG2

SNPJam Report

• R054 — Kitchin KT, Wallace K: The role of protein binding of trivalent arsenicals in arsenic carcinogenesis and toxicity. J Inorg Biochem. 2008 Mar;102(3):532-9. Epub 2007 Nov 22. [18164070 ]

49. Macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1

Cytokine that plays an essential role in the regulation of survival, proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic precursor cells, especially mononuclear phagocytes, such as macrophages and monocytes. Promotes the release of proinflammatory chemokines, and thereby plays an important role in innate immunity and in inflammatory processes. Plays an important role in the regulation of osteoclast proliferation and differentiation, the regulation of bone resorption, and is required for normal bone development. Required for normal male and female fertility. Promotes reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, regulates formation of membrane ruffles, cell adhesion and cell migration. Plays a role in lipoprotein clearance.

P09603

CSF1

SNPJam Report

• X003 — ToxCastDB (EPA, United States Environmental Protection Agency) [Link]

50. C-X-C motif chemokine 10

Chemotactic for monocytes and T-lymphocytes. Binds to CXCR3.

P02778

CXCL10

SNPJam Report

• X003 — ToxCastDB (EPA, United States Environmental Protection Agency) [Link]

51. 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1 alpha hydroxylase, mitochondrial

Catalyzes the conversion of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D) to 1-alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D) plays an important role in normal bone growth, calcium metabolism, and tissue differentiation.

O15528

CYP27B1

SNPJam Report

• X003 — ToxCastDB (EPA, United States Environmental Protection Agency) [Link]

52. Cytochrome P450 2B6

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. Acts as a 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase.

P20813

CYP2B6

SNPJam Report

• X003 — ToxCastDB (EPA, United States Environmental Protection Agency) [Link]

53. Heat shock transcription factor, Y-linked

Q96LI6

HSFY1

SNPJam Report

• X003 — ToxCastDB (EPA, United States Environmental Protection Agency) [Link]

54. Interleukin-8

IL-8 is a chemotactic factor that attracts neutrophils, basophils, and T-cells, but not monocytes. It is also involved in neutrophil activation. It is released from several cell types in response to an inflammatory stimulus. IL-8(6-77) has a 5-10-fold higher activity on neutrophil activation, IL-8(5-77) has increased activity on neutrophil activation and IL-8(7-77) has a higher affinity to receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2 as compared to IL-8(1-77), respectively.

P10145

IL8

SNPJam Report

• X003 — ToxCastDB (EPA, United States Environmental Protection Agency) [Link]

55. Interstitial collagenase

Cleaves collagens of types I, II, and III at one site in the helical domain. Also cleaves collagens of types VII and X. In case of HIV infection, interacts and cleaves the secreted viral Tat protein, leading to a decrease in neuronal Tat's mediated neurotoxicity.

P03956

MMP1

SNPJam Report

• X003 — ToxCastDB (EPA, United States Environmental Protection Agency) [Link]

56. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2

Transcription activator that binds to antioxidant response (ARE) elements in the promoter regions of target genes. Important for the coordinated up-regulation of genes in response to oxidative stress. May be involved in the transcriptional activation of genes of the beta-globin cluster by mediating enhancer activity of hypersensitive site 2 of the beta-globin locus control region.

Q16236

NFE2L2

SNPJam Report

• X003 — ToxCastDB (EPA, United States Environmental Protection Agency) [Link]

57. Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 2

Nuclear receptor that binds and is activated by variety of endogenous and xenobiotic compounds. Transcription factor that activates the transcription of multiple genes involved in the metabolism and secretion of potentially harmful xenobiotics, drugs and endogenous compounds. Activated by the antibiotic rifampicin and various plant metabolites, such as hyperforin, guggulipid, colupulone, and isoflavones. Response to specific ligands is species-specific. Activated by naturally occurring steroids, such as pregnenolone and progesterone. Binds to a response element in the promoters of the CYP3A4 and ABCB1/MDR1 genes.

O75469

NR1I2

SNPJam Report

• X003 — ToxCastDB (EPA, United States Environmental Protection Agency) [Link]

58. Paired box protein Pax-6

Transcription factor with important functions in the development of the eye, nose, central nervous system and pancreas. Required for the differentiation of pancreatic islet alpha cells (By similarity). Competes with PAX4 in binding to a common element in the glucagon, insulin and somatostatin promoters. Regulates specification of the ventral neuron subtypes by establishing the correct progenitor domains (By similarity). Isoform 5a appears to function as a molecular switch that specifies target genes.

P26367

PAX6

SNPJam Report

• X003 — ToxCastDB (EPA, United States Environmental Protection Agency) [Link]

59. Urokinase plasminogen activator surface receptor

Acts as a receptor for urokinase plasminogen activator. Plays a role in localizing and promoting plasmin formation. Mediates the proteolysis-independent signal transduction activation effects of U-PA. It is subject to negative-feedback regulation by U-PA which cleaves it into an inactive form.

Q03405

PLAUR

SNPJam Report

• X003 — ToxCastDB (EPA, United States Environmental Protection Agency) [Link]

60. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha

Ligand-activated transcription factor. Key regulator of lipid metabolism. Activated by the endogenous ligand 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphocholine (16:0/18:1-GPC). Activated by oleylethanolamide, a naturally occurring lipid that regulates satiety (By similarity). Receptor for peroxisome proliferators such as hypolipidemic drugs and fatty acids. Regulates the peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway of fatty acids. Functions as transcription activator for the ACOX1 and P450 genes. Transactivation activity requires heterodimerization with RXRA and is antagonized by NR2C2.

Q07869

PPARA

SNPJam Report

• X003 — ToxCastDB (EPA, United States Environmental Protection Agency) [Link]

61. Transcription factor SOX-1

Transcriptional activator. May function as a switch in neuronal development. Keeps neural cells undifferentiated by counteracting the activity of proneural proteins and suppresses neuronal differentiation (By similarity).

O00570

SOX1

SNPJam Report

• X003 — ToxCastDB (EPA, United States Environmental Protection Agency) [Link]