| Version |
1.0 |
| Creation Date |
2009-03-06 18:57:56 |
| Update Date |
2010-03-18 21:52:15 |
| Accession Number |
T3D0018 |
| Name |
Hexavalent chromium |
| Compound Type |
- Chromium Compound
- Inorganic Compound
- Metal
|
| Description |
Hexavalent chromium refers to chemical compounds that contain the element chromium in the +6 oxidation state. Chromium(VI) is more toxic than other oxidation states of the chromium atom because of its greater ability to enter cells and higher redox potential. (R042) |
| Synonyms |
- Chromium (cr(sup 6+))
- Chromium (hexavalent compounds)
- Chromium (vi)
- Chromium compounds, hexavalent
- Chromium hexavalent
- Chromium hexavalent (CR(vi))
- Hexavalent chromium
|
| Chemical IUPAC Name |
chromium(6+) ion |
| Chemical Formula |
Cr |
| Chemical Structure |
 |
| CAS Registry Number |
18540-29-9 |
| InChI Identifier |
InChI=1S/Cr/q+6 |
| InChI Key |
InChIKey=JOPOVCBBYLSVDA-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| PubChem Compound ID |
29131  |
| KEGG ID |
Not Available |
| UniProt ID |
Not Available |
| OMIM ID |
Not Available |
| ChEBI ID |
33007 |
| BioCyc ID |
Not Available |
| SuperToxic ID |
Not Available |
| CTD ID |
C074702 |
| Stitch ID |
Chromium, hexavalent |
| DrugBank ID |
Not Available |
| PDB ID |
Not Available |
| ACToR ID |
6409 |
| Wikipedia Link |
Not Available |
| Monoisotopic Mass |
51.940512 |
| MOL File |
Show |
| PDB File |
Show |
| SDF File |
Show |
| SMILES |
[Cr+6] |
| Appearance |
Not Available |
| Melting Point |
Not Available |
| Solubility |
Not Available |
| Predicted LogP |
-0.156 |
| Route of Exposure |
Oral (R042) ; inhalation (R042) ; dermal (R042) |
| Mechanism of Action |
Hexavalent chromium's carcinogenic effects are caused by its metabolites, pentavalent and trivalent chromium. The DNA damage may be caused by hydroxyl radicals produced during reoxidation of pentavalent chromium by hydrogen peroxide molecules present in the cell. Trivalent chromium may also form complexes with peptides, proteins, and DNA, resulting in DNA-protein crosslinks, DNA strand breaks, DNA-DNA interstrand crosslinks, chromium-DNA adducts, chromosomal aberrations and alterations in cellular signaling pathways. It has been shown to induce carcinogenesis by overstimulating cellular regulatory pathways and increasing peroxide levels by activating certain mitogen-activated protein kinases. It can also cause transcriptional repression by cross-linking histone deacetylase 1-DNA methyltransferase 1 complexes to CYP1A1 promoter chromatin, inhibiting histone modification. Chromium may increase its own toxicity by modifying metal regulatory transcription factor 1, causing the inhibition of zinc-induced metallothionein transcription. (R041, R042, R075, R076, R077) |
| Metabolism |
Chromium is absorbed from oral, inhalation, or dermal exposure and distributes to nearly all tissues, with the highest concentrations found in kidney and liver. Bone is also a major storage site and may contribute to long-term retention. Hexavalent chromium's similarity to sulfate and chromate allow it to be transported into cells via sulfate transport mechanisms. Inside the cell, hexavalent chromium is reduced first to pentavalent chromium, then to trivalent chromium by many substances including ascorbate, glutathione, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. Chromium is almost entirely excreted with the urine. (R041, R042) |
| Toxicity Values |
Not Available |
| Lethal Dose |
1 to 3 grams for an adult human. (R331) |
| Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification) |
1, carcinogenic to humans. (R264) |
| Uses/Sources |
Hexavalent chromium is used for chrome plating, dyes and pigments, leather tanning, and wood preserving. (R041) |
| Minimum Risk Level |
Intermediate Oral: 0.005 mg/kg/day (R260)
Chronic Oral: 0.001 mg/kg/day (R260) |
| Health Effects |
Hexavalent chromium is a known carcinogen. Chronic inhalation especially has been linked to lung cancer. Hexavalent chromium has also been know to cause reproductive and developmental defects. (R041) |
| Symptoms |
Breathing hexavalent chromium can cause irritation to the lining of the nose, nose ulcers, runny nose, and breathing problems, such as asthma, cough, shortness of breath, or wheezing. Ingestion of hexavalent chromium causes irritation and ulcers in the stomach and small intestine, as well as anemia. Skin contact can cause skin ulcers. (R042) |
| Treatment |
There is no known antidote for chromium poisoning. Exposure is usually handled with symptomatic treatment. (R042)
|
| General References |
- R077 - Kimura T: [Molecular mechanism involved in chromium(VI) toxicity] Yakugaku Zasshi. 2007 Dec;127(12):1957-65. [PubMed ]
- R264 - International Agency for Research on Cancer (2009). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.
- R042 - ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2008). Toxicological profile for chromium. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
- R075 - Kim G, Yurkow EJ: Chromium induces a persistent activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases by a redox-sensitive mechanism in H4 rat hepatoma cells. Cancer Res. 1996 May 1;56(9):2045-51. [PubMed ]
- R041 - Salnikow K, Zhitkovich A: Genetic and epigenetic mechanisms in metal carcinogenesis and cocarcinogenesis: nickel, arsenic, and chromium. Chem Res Toxicol. 2008 Jan;21(1):28-44. Epub 2007 Oct 30. [PubMed ]
- R331 - Barceloux DG: Chromium. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 1999;37(2):173-94. [PubMed ]
- R260 - ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2001). Minimal Risk Levels (MRLs) for Hazardous Substances. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
- R076 - Schnekenburger M, Talaska G, Puga A: Chromium cross-links histone deacetylase 1-DNA methyltransferase 1 complexes to chromatin, inhibiting histone-remodeling marks critical for transcriptional activation. Mol Cell Biol. 2007 Oct;27(20):7089-101. Epub 2007 Aug 6. [PubMed ]
|
| Targets |
- Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1
- Mitogen-activated protein kinase 3
- Histone deacetylase 1
- Metal regulatory transcription factor 1
- DNA
|
|
Target 1
[top]
|
| Target 1 ID |
197 |
| Target 1 Name |
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 |
| Target 1 Mechanism of Action |
Chromium has been shown to induce carcinogenesis by overstimulating cellular regulatory pathways and increasing peroxide levels by activating certain mitogen-activated protein kinases. (R075) |
| Target 1 Description |
Involved in both the initiation and regulation of meiosis, mitosis, and postmitotic functions in differentiated cells by phosphorylating a number of transcription factors such as ELK1. Phosphorylates EIF4EBP1; required for initiation of translation. Phosphorylates microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2). Phosphorylates SPZ1 (By similarity). Phosphorylates heat shock factor protein 4 (HSF4) and ARHGEF2 |
| Target 1 Synonyms |
- Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2; ERK-2; Mitogen-activated protein kinase 2; MAP kinase 2; MAPK 2; p42-MAPK; ERT1
|
| Target 1 Gene Name |
MAPK1 |
| Target 1 Protein Sequence |
>Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1
MAAAAAAGAGPEMVRGQVFDVGPRYTNLSYIGEGAYGMVCSAYDNVNKVRVAIKKISPFE
HQTYCQRTLREIKILLRFRHENIIGINDIIRAPTIEQMKDVYIVQDLMETDLYKLLKTQH
LSNDHICYFLYQILRGLKYIHSANVLHRDLKPSNLLLNTTCDLKICDFGLARVADPDHDH
TGFLTEYVATRWYRAPEIMLNSKGYTKSIDIWSVGCILAEMLSNRPIFPGKHYLDQLNHI
LGILGSPSQEDLNCIINLKARNYLLSLPHKNKVPWNRLFPNADSKALDLLDKMLTFNPHK
RIEVEQALAHPYLEQYYDPSDEPIAEAPFKFDMELDDLPKEKLKELIFEETARFQPGYRS
|
| Target 1 Number of Residues |
360 |
| Target 1 Molecular Weight |
41389.3 |
| Target 1 Theoretical pI |
6.99 |
| Target 1 GO Classification |
|
Function
|
binding
nucleotide binding
purine nucleotide binding
adenyl nucleotide binding
ATP binding
catalytic activity
transferase activity
transferase activity, transferring phosphorus-containing groups
kinase activity
protein kinase activity
protein serine/threonine kinase activity
receptor signaling protein serine/threonine kinase activity
MAP kinase activity |
|
Process
|
physiological process
metabolism
macromolecule metabolism
biopolymer metabolism
biopolymer modification
protein modification
protein amino acid phosphorylation |
|
Component
|
| Not Available |
|
| Target 1 General Function |
Involved in ATP binding |
| Target 1 Pathways |
Not Available |
| Target 1 Reactions |
Not Available |
| Target 1 Signals |
|
| Target 1 Transmembrane Regions |
|
| Target 1 Essentiality |
Non Essential |
| Target 1 Domain Function |
PF00069:Pkinase |
| Target 1 GenBank ID Protein |
Not Available |
| Target 1 UniProtKB ID |
P28482 |
| Target 1 Cellular Location |
Not Available |
| Target 1 Gene Sequence |
>1083 bp
ATGGCGGCGGCGGCGGCGGCGGGCGCGGGCCCGGAGATGGTCCGCGGGCAGGTGTTCGAC
GTGGGGCCGCGCTACACCAACCTCTCGTACATCGGCGAGGGCGCCTACGGCATGGTGTGC
TCTGCTTATGATAATGTCAACAAAGTTCGAGTAGCTATCAAGAAAATCAGCCCCTTTGAG
CACCAGACCTACTGCCAGAGAACCCTGAGGGAGATAAAAATCTTACTGCGCTTCAGACAT
GAGAACATCATTGGAATCAATGACATTATTCGAGCACCAACCATCGAGCAAATGAAAGAT
GTATATATAGTACAGGACCTCATGGAAACAGATCTTTACAAGCTCTTGAAGACACAACAC
CTCAGCAATGACCATATCTGCTATTTTCTCTACCAGATCCTCAGAGGGTTAAAATATATC
CATTCAGCTAACGTTCTGCACCGTGACCTCAAGCCTTCCAACCTGCTGCTCAACACCACC
TGTGATCTCAAGATCTGTGACTTTGGCCTGGCCCGTGTTGCAGATCCAGACCATGATCAC
ACAGGGTTCCTGACAGAATATGTGGCCACACGTTGGTACAGGGCTCCAGAAATTATGTTG
AATTCCAAGGGCTACACCAAGTCCATTGATATTTGGTCTGTAGGCTGCATTCTGGCAGAA
ATGCTTTCCAACAGGCCCATCTTTCCAGGGAAGCATTATCTTGACCAGCTGAATCACATT
TTGGGTATTCTTGGATCCCCATCACAAGAAGACCTGAATTGTATAATAAATTTAAAAGCT
AGGAACTATTTGCTTTCTCTTCCACACAAAAATAAGGTGCCATGGAACAGGCTGTTCCCA
AATGCTGACTCCAAAGCTCTGGACTTATTGGACAAAATGTTGACATTCAACCCACACAAG
AGGATTGAAGTAGAACAGGCTCTGGCCCACCCATATCTGGAGCAGTATTACGACCCGAGT
GACGAGCCCATCGCCGAAGCACCATTCAAGTTCGACATGGAATTGGATGACTTGCCTAAG
GAAAAGCTAAAAGAACTAATTTTTGAAGAGACTGCTAGATTCCAGCCAGGATACAGATCT
TAA
|
| Target 1 GenBank Gene ID |
Not Available |
| Target 1 GeneCard ID |
MAPK1 |
| Target 1 GenAtlas ID |
MAPK1 |
| Target 1 HGNC ID |
HGNC:6871 |
| Target 1 Chromosome Location |
Chromosome:22 |
| Target 1 Locus |
22q11.2|22q11.21 |
| Target 1 SNPs |
SNPJam Report |
| Target 1 Toxin References |
- R075 - Kim G, Yurkow EJ: Chromium induces a persistent activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases by a redox-sensitive mechanism in H4 rat hepatoma cells. Cancer Res. 1996 May 1;56(9):2045-51. [PubMed ]
|
| Target 1 General References |
1540184; 1319925; 15489334; 12665801; 8794306; 11912194; 18083107; 18211802; 15951569; 15592455 |
|
Target 2
[top]
|
| Target 2 ID |
98 |
| Target 2 Name |
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 |
| Target 2 Mechanism of Action |
Chromium has been shown to induce carcinogenesis by overstimulating cellular regulatory pathways and increasing peroxide levels by activating certain mitogen-activated protein kinases. (R075) |
| Target 2 Description |
Involved in both the initiation and regulation of meiosis, mitosis, and postmitotic functions in differentiated cells by phosphorylating a number of transcription factors such as ELK-1. Phosphorylates EIF4EBP1; required for initiation of translation. Phosphorylates microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2). Phosphorylates SPZ1 (By similarity). Phosphorylates heat shock factor protein 4 (HSF4) |
| Target 2 Synonyms |
- Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1; ERK-1; Insulin-stimulated MAP2 kinase; MAP kinase 1; MAPK 1; p44-ERK1; ERT2; p44-MAPK; Microtubule-associated protein 2 kinase
|
| Target 2 Gene Name |
MAPK3 |
| Target 2 Protein Sequence |
>Mitogen-activated protein kinase 3
MAAAAAQGGGGGEPRRTEGVGPGVPGEVEMVKGQPFDVGPRYTQLQYIGEGAYGMVSSAY
DHVRKTRVAIKKISPFEHQTYCQRTLREIQILLRFRHENVIGIRDILRASTLEAMRDVYI
VQDLMETDLYKLLKSQQLSNDHICYFLYQILRGLKYIHSANVLHRDLKPSNLLINTTCDL
KICDFGLARIADPEHDHTGFLTEYVATRWYRAPEIMLNSKGYTKSIDIWSVGCILAEMLS
NRPIFPGKHYLDQLNHILGILGSPSQEDLNCIINMKARNYLQSLPSKTKVAWAKLFPKSD
SKALDLLDRMLTFNPNKRITVEEALAHPYLEQYYDPTDEPVAEEPFTFAMELDDLPKERL
KELIFQETARFQPGVLEAP
|
| Target 2 Number of Residues |
379 |
| Target 2 Molecular Weight |
43135.2 |
| Target 2 Theoretical pI |
6.74 |
| Target 2 GO Classification |
|
Function
|
binding
nucleotide binding
purine nucleotide binding
adenyl nucleotide binding
ATP binding
catalytic activity
transferase activity
transferase activity, transferring phosphorus-containing groups
kinase activity
protein kinase activity
protein serine/threonine kinase activity
receptor signaling protein serine/threonine kinase activity
MAP kinase activity |
|
Process
|
physiological process
metabolism
macromolecule metabolism
biopolymer metabolism
biopolymer modification
protein modification
protein amino acid phosphorylation |
|
Component
|
| Not Available |
|
| Target 2 General Function |
Involved in ATP binding |
| Target 2 Pathways |
REACT_1788-Transcription; |
| Target 2 Reactions |
Not Available |
| Target 2 Signals |
|
| Target 2 Transmembrane Regions |
|
| Target 2 Essentiality |
Non Essential |
| Target 2 Domain Function |
PF00069:Pkinase |
| Target 2 GenBank ID Protein |
Not Available |
| Target 2 UniProtKB ID |
P27361 |
| Target 2 Cellular Location |
Not Available |
| Target 2 Gene Sequence |
>1140 bp
ATGGCGGCGGCGGCGGCTCAGGGGGGCGGGGGCGGGGAGCCCCGTAGAACCGAGGGGGTC
GGCCCGGGGGTCCCGGGGGAGGTGGAGATGGTGAAGGGGCAGCCGTTCGACGTGGGCCCG
CGCTACACGCAGTTGCAGTACATCGGCGAGGGCGCGTACGGCATGGTCAGCTCGGCCTAT
GACCACGTGCGCAAGACTCGCGTGGCCATCAAGAAGATCAGCCCCTTCGAACATCAGACC
TACTGCCAGCGCACGCTCCGGGAGATCCAGATCCTGCTGCGCTTCCGCCATGAGAATGTC
ATCGGCATCCGAGACATTCTGCGGGCGTCCACCCTGGAAGCCATGAGAGATGTCTACATT
GTGCAGGACCTGATGGAGACTGACCTGTACAAGTTGCTGAAAAGCCAGCAGCTGAGCAAT
GACCATATCTGCTACTTCCTCTACCAGATCCTGCGGGGCCTCAAGTACATCCACTCCGCC
AACGTGCTCCACCGAGATCTAAAGCCCTCCAACCTGCTCAGCAACACCACCTGCGACCTT
AAGATTTGTGATTTCGGCCTGGCCCGGATTGCCGATCCTGAGCATGACCACACCGGCTTC
CTGACGGAGTATGTGGCTACGCGCTGGTACCGGGCCCCAGAGATCATGCTGAACTCCAAG
GGCTATACCAAGTCCATCGACATCTGGTCTGTGGGCTGCATTCTGGCTGAGATGCTCTCT
AACCGGCCCATCTTCCCTGGCAAGCACTACCTGGATCAGCTCAACCACATTCTGGGCATC
CTGGGCTCCCCATCCCAGGAGGACCTGAATTGTATCATCAACATGAAGGCCCGAAACTAC
CTACAGTCTCTGCCCTCCAAGACCAAGGTGGCTTGGGCCAAGCTTTTCCCCAAGTCAGAC
TCCAAAGCCCTTGACCTGCTGGACCGGATGTTAACCTTTAACCCCAATAAACGGATCACA
GTGGAGGAAGCGCTGGCTCACCCCTACCTGGAGCAGTACTATGACCCGACGGATGAGCCA
GTGGCCGAGGAGCCCTTCACCTTCGCCATGGAGCTGGATGACCTACCTAAGGAGCGGCTG
AAGGAGCTCATCTTCCAGGAGACAGCACGCTTCCAGCCCGGAGTGCTGGAGGCCCCCTAG
|
| Target 2 GenBank Gene ID |
Not Available |
| Target 2 GeneCard ID |
MAPK3 |
| Target 2 GenAtlas ID |
MAPK3 |
| Target 2 HGNC ID |
HGNC:6877 |
| Target 2 Chromosome Location |
Chromosome:16 |
| Target 2 Locus |
16p11.2 |
| Target 2 SNPs |
SNPJam Report |
| Target 2 Toxin References |
- R075 - Kim G, Yurkow EJ: Chromium induces a persistent activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases by a redox-sensitive mechanism in H4 rat hepatoma cells. Cancer Res. 1996 May 1;56(9):2045-51. [PubMed ]
|
| Target 2 General References |
7687743; 15489334; 1540184; 1319925; 8794306; 11912194; 15951569; 17081983; 16581800 |
|
Target 3
[top]
|
| Target 3 ID |
149 |
| Target 3 Name |
Histone deacetylase 1 |
| Target 3 Mechanism of Action |
Chromium can cause transcriptional repression by cross-linking histone deacetylase 1-DNA methyltransferase 1 complexes to CYP1A1 promoter chromatin, inhibiting histone modification. (R076) |
| Target 3 Description |
Responsible for the deacetylation of lysine residues on the N-terminal part of the core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4). Histone deacetylation gives a tag for epigenetic repression and plays an important role in transcriptional regulation, cell cycle progression and developmental events. Histone deacetylases act via the formation of large multiprotein complexes |
| Target 3 Synonyms |
- HD1
|
| Target 3 Gene Name |
HDAC1 |
| Target 3 Protein Sequence |
>Histone deacetylase 1
MAQTQGTRRKVCYYYDGDVGNYYYGQGHPMKPHRIRMTHNLLLNYGLYRKMEIYRPHKAN
AEEMTKYHSDDYIKFLRSIRPDNMSEYSKQMQRFNVGEDCPVFDGLFEFCQLSTGGSVAS
AVKLNKQQTDIAVNWAGGLHHAKKSEASGFCYVNDIVLAILELLKYHQRVLYIDIDIHHG
DGVEEAFYTTDRVMTVSFHKYGEYFPGTGDLRDIGAGKGKYYAVNYPLRDGIDDESYEAI
FKPVMSKVMEMFQPSAVVLQCGSDSLSGDRLGCFNLTIKGHAKCVEFVKSFNLPMLMLGG
GGYTIRNVARCWTYETAVALDTEIPNELPYNDYFEYFGPDFKLHISPSNMTNQNTNEYLE
KIKQRLFENLRMLPHAPGVQMQAIPEDAIPEESGDEDEDDPDKRISICSSDKRIACEEEF
SDSEEEGEGGRKNSSNFKKAKRVKTEDEKEKDPEEKKEVTEEEKTKEEKPEAKGVKEEVK
LA
|
| Target 3 Number of Residues |
482 |
| Target 3 Molecular Weight |
55102.6 |
| Target 3 Theoretical pI |
5.16 |
| Target 3 GO Classification |
|
Function
|
catalytic activity
hydrolase activity
hydrolase activity, acting on carbon-nitrogen (but not peptide) bonds
hydrolase activity, acting on carbon-nitrogen (but not peptide) bonds, in linear amides
histone deacetylase activity |
|
Process
|
physiological process
metabolism
macromolecule metabolism
biopolymer metabolism
biopolymer modification
protein modification
protein amino acid deacetylation
histone deacetylation |
|
Component
|
organelle
membrane-bound organelle
intracellular membrane-bound organelle
nucleus |
|
| Target 3 General Function |
Chromatin structure and dynamics |
| Target 3 Pathways |
Not Available |
| Target 3 Reactions |
Not Available |
| Target 3 Signals |
|
| Target 3 Transmembrane Regions |
|
| Target 3 Essentiality |
Non Essential |
| Target 3 Domain Function |
PF00850:Hist_deacetyl |
| Target 3 GenBank ID Protein |
Not Available |
| Target 3 UniProtKB ID |
Q13547 |
| Target 3 Cellular Location |
Nucleus |
| Target 3 Gene Sequence |
>1449 bp
ATGGCGCAGACGCAGGGCACCCGGAGGAAAGTCTGTTACTACTACGACGGGGATGTTGGA
AATTACTATTATGGACAAGGCCACCCAATGAAGCCTCACCGAATCCGCATGACTCATAAT
TTGCTGCTCAACTATGGTCTCTACCGAAAAATGGAAATCTATCGCCCTCACAAAGCCAAT
GCTGAGGAGATGACCAAGTACCACAGCGATGACTACATTAAATTCTTGCGCTCCATCCGT
CCAGATAACATGTCGGAGTACAGCAAGCAGATGCAGAGATTCAACGTTGGTGAGGACTGT
CCAGTATTCGATGGCCTGTTTGAGTTCTGTCAGTTGTCTACTGGTGGTTCTGTGGCAAGT
GCTGTGAAACTTAATAAGCAGCAGACGGACATCGCTGTGAATTGGGCTGGGGGCCTGCAC
CATGCAAAGAAGTCCGAGGCATCTGGCTTCTGTTACGTCAATGATATCGTCTTGGCCATC
CTGGAACTGCTAAAGTATCACCAGAGGGTGCTGTACATTGACATTGATATTCACCATGGT
GACGGCGTGGAAGAGGCCTTCTACACCACGGACCGGGTCATGACTGTGTCCTTTCATAAG
TATGGAGAGTACTTCCCAGGAACTGGGGACCTACGGGATATCGGGGCTGGCAAAGGCAAG
TATTATGCTGTTAACTACCCGCTCCGAGACGGGATTGATGACGAGTCCTATGAGGCCATT
TTCAAGCCGGTCATGTCCAAAGTAATGGAGATGTTCCAGCCTAGTGCGGTGGTCTTACAG
TGTGGCTCAGACTCCCTATCTGGGGATCGGTTAGGTTGCTTCAATCTAACTATCAAAGGA
CACGCCAAGTGTGTGGAATTTGTCAAGAGCTTTAACCTGCCTATGCTGATGCTGGGAGGC
GGTGGTTACACCATTCGTAACGTTGCCCGGTGCTGGACATATGAGACAGCTGTGGCCCTG
GATACGGAGATCCCTAATGAGCTTCCATACAATGACTACTTTGAATACTTTGGACCAGAT
TTCAAGCTCCACATCAGTCCTTCCAATATGACTAACCAGAACACGAATGAGTACCTGGAG
AAGATCAAACAGCGACTGTTTGAGAACCTTAGAATGCTGCCGCACGCACCTGGGGTCCAA
ATGCAGGCGATTCCTGAGGACGCCATCCCTGAGGAGAGTGGCGATGAGGACGAAGACGAC
CCTGACAAGCGCATCTCGATCTGCTCCTCTGACAAACGAATTGCCTGTGAGGAAGAGTTC
TCCGATTCTGAAGAGGAGGGAGAGGGGGGCCGCAAGAACTCTTCCAACTTCAAAAAAGCC
AAGAGAGTCAAAACAGAGGATGAAAAAGAGAAAGACCCAGAGGAGAAGAAAGAAGTCACC
GAAGAGGAGAAAACCAAGGAGGAGAAGCCAGAAGCCAAAGGGGTCAAGGAGGAGGTCAAG
TTGGCCTGA
|
| Target 3 GenBank Gene ID |
Not Available |
| Target 3 GeneCard ID |
HDAC1 |
| Target 3 GenAtlas ID |
HDAC1 |
| Target 3 HGNC ID |
HGNC:4852 |
| Target 3 Chromosome Location |
Not Available |
| Target 3 Locus |
1p34 |
| Target 3 SNPs |
SNPJam Report |
| Target 3 Toxin References |
- R076 - Schnekenburger M, Talaska G, Puga A: Chromium cross-links histone deacetylase 1-DNA methyltransferase 1 complexes to chromatin, inhibiting histone-remodeling marks critical for transcriptional activation. Mol Cell Biol. 2007 Oct;27(20):7089-101. Epub 2007 Aug 6. [PubMed ]
|
| Target 3 General References |
8602529; 8646880; 15489334; 10487760; 10898795; 10846170; 11006275; 10669754; 10655483; 11602581 |
|
Target 4
[top]
|
| Target 4 ID |
103 |
| Target 4 Name |
Metal regulatory transcription factor 1 |
| Target 4 Mechanism of Action |
Chromium may increase its own toxicity by modifying metal regulatory transcription factor 1, causing the inhibition of zinc-induced metallothionein transcription. (R077) |
| Target 4 Description |
Activates the metallothionein I promoter. Binds to the metal responsive element (MRE) |
| Target 4 Synonyms |
- Transcription factor MTF-1; MRE-binding transcription factor
|
| Target 4 Gene Name |
MTF1 |
| Target 4 Protein Sequence |
>Metal regulatory transcription factor 1
MGEHSPDNNIIYFEAEEDELTPDDKMLRFVDKNGLVPSSSGTVYDRTTVLIEQDPGTLED
EDDDGQCGEHLPFLVGGEEGFHLIDHEAMSQGYVQHIISPDQIHLTINPGSTPMPRNIEG
ATLTLQSECPETKRKEVKRYQCTFEGCPRTYSTAGNLRTHQKTHRGEYTFVCNQEGCGKA
FLTSYSLRIHVRVHTKEKPFECDVQGCEKAFNTLYRLKAHQRLHTGKTFNCESEGCSKYF
TTLSDLRKHIRTHTGEKPFRCDHDGCGKAFAASHHLKTHVRTHTGERPFFCPSNGCEKTF
STQYSLKSHMKGHDNKGHSYNALPQHNGSEDTNHSLCLSDLSLLSTDSELRENSSTTQGQ
DLSTISPAIIFESMFQNSDDTAIQEDPQQTASLTESFNGDAESVSDVPPSTGNSASLSLP
LVLQPGLSEPPQPLLPASAPSAPPPAPSLGPGSQQAAFGNPPALLQPPEVPVPHSTQFAA
NHQEFLPHPQAPQPIVPGLSVVAGASASAAAVASAVAAPAPPQSTTEPLPAMVQTLPLGA
NSVLTNNPTITITPTPNTAILQSSLVMGEQNLQWILNGATSSPQNQEQIQQASKVEKVFF
TTAVPVASSPGSSVQQIGLSVPVIIIKQEEACQCQCACRDSAKERASSRRKGCSSPPPPE
PSPQAPDGPSLQLPAQTFSSAPVPGSSSSTLPSSCEQSRQAETPSDPQTETLSAMDVSEF
LSLQSLDTPSNLIPIEALLQGEEEMGLTSSFSK
|
| Target 4 Number of Residues |
753 |
| Target 4 Molecular Weight |
80956.2 |
| Target 4 Theoretical pI |
4.97 |
| Target 4 GO Classification |
|
Function
|
ion binding
cation binding
transition metal ion binding
zinc ion binding
binding
nucleic acid binding |
|
Process
|
| Not Available |
|
Component
|
organelle
membrane-bound organelle
intracellular membrane-bound organelle
nucleus |
|
| Target 4 General Function |
Cell cycle control, cell division, chromosome partitioning |
| Target 4 Pathways |
Not Available |
| Target 4 Reactions |
Not Available |
| Target 4 Signals |
|
| Target 4 Transmembrane Regions |
|
| Target 4 Essentiality |
Non Essential |
| Target 4 Domain Function |
PF00096:zf-C2H2 |
| Target 4 GenBank ID Protein |
Not Available |
| Target 4 UniProtKB ID |
Q14872 |
| Target 4 Cellular Location |
Nucleus (Potential) |
| Target 4 Gene Sequence |
>2262 bp
ATGGGGGAACACAGTCCAGACAACAACATCATCTACTTTGAGGCAGAGGAAGATGAGCTG
ACCCCCGATGATAAAATGCTCAGGTTTGTGGATAAAAACGGACTGGTGCCTTCCTCATCT
GGAACTGTTTATGATAGGACCACTGTTCTTATTGAGCAGGACCCTGGCACTTTGGAGGAT
GAAGATGACGACGGACAGTGCGGAGAACACTTGCCTTTTCTAGTAGGGGGTGAAGAGGGC
TTTCACCTGATAGATCATGAAGCAATGTCCCAGGGTTATGTGCAGCACATTATCTCACCA
GATCAGATTCATTTGACAATAAACCCTGGTTCCACACCCATGCCAAGAAATATTGAAGGT
GCAACCCTCACTCTGCAGTCGGAATGTCCGGAAACAAAACGTAAAGAAGTAAAGCGGTAC
CAATGTACCTTTGAGGGCTGTCCCCGCACCTACAGCACAGCAGGCAACCTGCGAACCCAC
CAGAAGACTCACCGAGGAGAGTACACCTTTGTCTGTAATCAGGAGGGCTGTGGCAAAGCC
TTCCTTACCTCTCACAGCCTCAGGATCCACGTGCGAGTGCACACGAAGGAGAAGCCATTT
GAGTGTGACGTGCAGGGCTGTGAGAAGGCATTCAACACACTGTACAGGCTGAAAGCACAT
CAGAGGCTTCACACAGGGAAAACGTTTAACTGTGAATCTGAAGGCTGCAGCAAATACTTC
ACCACACTCAGTGATCTGAGGAAGCACATTCGAACTCATACAGGGGAAAAGCCATTTCGG
TGCGATCACGATGGCTGTGGAAAAGCATTTGCAGCAAGCCACCACCTTAAAACTCACGTT
CGTACACATACTGGTGAAAGACCCTTCTTCTGCCCCAGTAATGGCTGTGAGAAAACATTC
AGCACTCAATACAGTCTCAAAAGTCACATGAAAGGTCATGATAACAAAGGACACTCATAC
AATGCACTTCCACAACACAATGGATCAGAGGATACAAATCACTCACTTTGTCTAAGTGAC
TTGAGCCTTCTGTCCACAGATTCTGAATTGCGAGAAAATTCCAGTACGACCCAGGGCCAG
GACCTCAGCACAATTTCACCAGCAATCATCTTTGAATCAATGTTCCAGAATTCAGATGAT
ACGGCAATTCAGGAAGATCCTCAACAGACAGCTTCCTTGACTGAAAGTTTTAATGGTGAT
GCAGAGTCAGTCAGTGATGTTCCGCCATCCACAGGAAATTCAGCATCTTTATCTCTTCCA
CTTGTACTGCAACCTGGCCTCTCCGAGCCACCCCAGCCTCTACTACCTGCCTCAGCTCCG
TCTGCTCCTCCGCCTGCTCCCTCCCTAGGACCTGGCTCCCAGCAAGCTGCATTTGGCAAC
CCCCCTGCTCTCTTACAACCTCCAGAAGTGCCTGTTCCCCACAGCACACAGTTTGCTGCT
AATCATCAAGAGTTTCTTCCGCACCCCCAGGCACCGCAGCCCATTGTACCAGGACTTTCT
GTTGTTGCTGGGGCTTCTGCATCAGCAGCGGCAGTGGCATCAGCTGTGGCAGCACCAGCC
CCACCACAAAGTACTACTGAGCCCCTGCCAGCCATGGTCCAGACTCTGCCCCTGGGTGCC
AACTCTGTCCTAACTAATAATCCCACAATAACCATCACCCCAACTCCCAACACAGCTATC
CTGCAGTCCAGCCTAGTCATGGGAGAACAGAACTTACAATGGATATTAAATGGTGCCACC
AGTTCTCCACAAAACCAAGAACAAATTCAGCAAGCATCTAAAGTTGAGAAGGTGTTTTTT
ACCACTGCAGTACCAGTAGCCAGTAGCCCAGGGAGCTCTGTCCAGCAGATTGGCCTCAGT
GTTCCTGTGATCATCATCAAACAAGAAGAGGCATGTCAGTGTCAGTGTGCATGCCGGGAC
TCTGCAAAGGAGCGGGCATCCAGCAGGAGAAAGGGCTGCTCCTCCCCACCCCCTCCAGAG
CCGAGCCCCCAGGCTCCTGATGGGCCCAGCCTGCAGCTCCCAGCGCAGACTTTCTCTTCA
GCCCCTGTTCCCGGGTCATCATCCTCTACCTTGCCCTCCTCCTGTGAGCAAAGCCGACAA
GCAGAGACTCCTTCAGACCCTCAGACAGAAACATTAAGTGCCATGGATGTGTCAGAGTTT
CTATCCCTCCAGAGCCTGGACACCCCGTCCAATCTGATTCCCATTGAAGCACTACTGCAG
GGGGAGGAGGAGATGGGCCTCACCAGCAGCTTCTCCAAGTGA
|
| Target 4 GenBank Gene ID |
Not Available |
| Target 4 GeneCard ID |
MTF1 |
| Target 4 GenAtlas ID |
MTF1 |
| Target 4 HGNC ID |
HGNC:7428 |
| Target 4 Chromosome Location |
Not Available |
| Target 4 Locus |
1p33 |
| Target 4 SNPs |
SNPJam Report |
| Target 4 Toxin References |
- R077 - Kimura T: [Molecular mechanism involved in chromium(VI) toxicity] Yakugaku Zasshi. 2007 Dec;127(12):1957-65. [PubMed ]
|
| Target 4 General References |
8065932; 16710414; 15489334 |
|
Target 5
[top]
|
| Target 5 ID |
632 |
| Target 5 Name |
DNA |
| Target 5 Mechanism of Action |
Trivalent chromium may also form complexes with peptides, proteins, and DNA, resulting in DNA-protein crosslinks, DNA strand breaks, DNA-DNA interstrand crosslinks, chromium-DNA adducts, chromosomal aberrations and alterations in cellular signaling pathways. (R042) |
| Target 5 Description |
Not Available |
| Target 5 Synonyms |
Not Available |
| Target 5 Gene Name |
Not Available |
| Target 5 Protein Sequence |
Not Available |
| Target 5 Number of Residues |
Not Available |
| Target 5 Molecular Weight |
0.0 |
| Target 5 Theoretical pI |
Not Available |
| Target 5 GO Classification |
|
Function
|
| Not Available |
|
Process
|
| Not Available |
|
Component
|
| Not Available |
|
| Target 5 General Function |
Not Available |
| Target 5 Pathways |
Not Available |
| Target 5 Reactions |
Not Available |
| Target 5 Signals |
Not Available |
| Target 5 Transmembrane Regions |
Not Available |
| Target 5 Essentiality |
Not Available |
| Target 5 Domain Function |
Not Available |
| Target 5 GenBank ID Protein |
Not Available |
| Target 5 UniProtKB ID |
DNA |
| Target 5 Cellular Location |
Not Available |
| Target 5 Gene Sequence |
Not Available |
| Target 5 GenBank Gene ID |
Not Available |
| Target 5 GeneCard ID |
Not Available |
| Target 5 GenAtlas ID |
Not Available |
| Target 5 HGNC ID |
Not Available |
| Target 5 Chromosome Location |
Not Available |
| Target 5 Locus |
Not Available |
| Target 5 SNPs |
Not Available |
| Target 5 Toxin References |
- R042 - ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2008). Toxicological profile for chromium. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
|
| Target 5 General References |
Not Available |
