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Showing toxin card for Benzo[a]pyrene (T3D0009)

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Version 1.0
Creation Date 2009-03-06 18:57:54
Update Date 2010-05-18 20:48:27
Accession Number T3D0009
Name Benzo[a]pyrene
Compound Type
  • Aromatic Hydrocarbon
  • Industrial By-product/Pollutant
  • Organic Compound
  • Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon
Description Benzo[a]pyrene is one of over 100 different polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). PAHs are chemicals that are formed during the incomplete burning organic substances, such as fossil fuels. They are usually found as a mixture containing two or more of these compounds. (R028)
Synonyms
  1. 1,2-Benzpyrene
  2. 3,4 Benzopyrene
  3. 3,4 Benzpyrene
  4. 3,4-Benz(a)pyrene
  5. 3,4-Benzo(a)pyrene
  6. 3,4-Benzopirene [Italian]
  7. 3,4-Benzopyrene (carcinogen)
  8. 3,4-Benzpyren [German]
  9. 3,4-Benzpyrene
  10. 3,4-Benzypyrene
  11. 3,4-benzylpyrene
  12. 4,5-Benzpyrene
  13. 6,7-Benzopyrene
  14. Benz(a)pyrene
  15. Benzo(a)pyrene
  16. Benzo(a)pyrene [polycyclic aromatic compounds]
  17. Benzo(a)pyrene [polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons]
  18. Benzo(d,e,f)chrysene
  19. Benzo(def)chrysene
  20. Benzo[PQR]tetraphene
  21. Benzo[a]pyrene
  22. Benzo[a]pyrene solution
  23. Benzo[d,e,f]chrysene
  24. Benzo[def]chrysene
  25. Benzopyrene
  26. Benzpyrene
  27. benzo[def]chrysene
Chemical IUPAC Name pentacyclo[10.6.2.0^{2,7}.0^{9,19}.0^{16,20}]icosa-1(19),2,4,6,8,10,12(20),13,15,17-decaene
Chemical Formula C20H12
Chemical Structure Structure
CAS Registry Number 50-32-8
InChI Identifier InChI=1S/C20H12/c1-2-7-17-15(4-1)12-16-9-8-13-5-3-6-14-10-11-18(17)20(16)19(13)14/h1-12H
InChI Key InChIKey=FMMWHPNWAFZXNH-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PubChem Compound ID 2336 Link Image
KEGG ID C07535 Link Image
UniProt ID Not Available
OMIM ID Not Available
ChEBI ID 29865 Link Image
BioCyc ID Not Available
SuperToxic ID Not Available
CTD ID D001564 Link Image
Stitch ID Benzo[a]pyrene Link Image
DrugBank ID Not Available
PDB ID Not Available
ACToR ID 141
Wikipedia Link http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzo(a)pyrene Link Image
Monoisotopic Mass 252.0939
MOL File Show
PDB File Show
SDF File Show
SMILES C1=CC=C2C(=C1)C=C1C=CC3=C4C(C=CC2=C14)=CC=C3
Appearance Pale yellow solid.
Melting Point 176.5 °C
Solubility 1.62e-06 mg/mL at 25 °C [MAY,WE et al. (1983)]
Predicted LogP 5.2734
Route of Exposure Oral (R028) ; inhalation (R028 ; dermal (R028)
Mechanism of Action The ability of PAH's to bind to blood proteins such as albumin allows them to be transported throughout the body. Many PAH's induce the expression of cytochrome P450 enzymes, especially CYP1A1, CYP1A2, and CYP1B1, by binding to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor or glycine N-methyltransferase protein. These enzymes metabolize PAH's into their toxic intermediates. The reactive metabolites of PAHs (epoxide intermediates, dihydrodiols, phenols, quinones, and their various combinations) covalently bind to DNA and other cellular macromolecules, initiating mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. The main carcinogenic metabolite of benzo(a)pyrene is the diol-epoxide trans-9,10-epoxy-7,8-dihydrodiol. (R028, R060, R068, R073)
Metabolism PAH metabolism occurs in all tissues, usually by cytochrome P-450 and its associated enzymes. PAHs are metabolized into reactive intermediates, which include epoxide intermediates, dihydrodiols, phenols, quinones, and their various combinations. The phenols, quinones, and dihydrodiols can all be conjugated to glucuronides and sulfate esters; the quinones also form glutathione conjugates. (R028)
Toxicity Values LD50: 250 mg/kg (Intraperitoneal, Mouse) (R270)
Lethal Dose Not Available
Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification) 1, carcinogenic to humans. (R264)
Uses/Sources PAHs are released into the environment via the combustion of fossil fuels, coke oven emissions and vehicle exhausts, as well as naturally from forest fires and volcanic eruptions. PAHs from these sources may contaminate nearly water systems. They are also found in coal tar and charbroiled food. (R028)
Minimum Risk Level Not Available
Health Effects PAHs are carcinogens and have been associated with the increased risk of skin, respiratory tract, bladder, stomach, and kidney cancers. They may also cause reproductive effects and depress the immune system. (R028)
Symptoms Acute exposure to PAHs causes irritation and inflammation of the skin and lung tissue. (R034)
Treatment There is no known antidote for PAHs. Exposure is usually handled with symptomatic treatment. (R028)
General References
  • R264 - International Agency for Research on Cancer (2009). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.
  • R270 - HSDB: Hazardous Substances Data Bank. National Library of Medicine (2001).
  • R060 - Wikipedia. Benzopyrene. Last Updated 22 January 2009.
  • R028 - ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (1995). Toxicological profile for PAHs. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
  • R034 - Santodonato J, Howard P, Basu D: Health and ecological assessment of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. J Environ Pathol Toxicol. 1981 Sep;5(1):1-364. [PubMed Link Image]
  • R073 - Padros J, Pelletier E: In vivo formation of (+)-anti-benzo[a]pyrene diol-epoxide-plasma albumin adducts in fish. Mar Environ Res. 2000 Jul-Dec;50(1-5):347-51. [PubMed Link Image]
  • R068 - Uno S, Dragin N, Miller ML, Dalton TP, Gonzalez FJ, Nebert DW: Basal and inducible CYP1 mRNA quantitation and protein localization throughout the mouse gastrointestinal tract. Free Radic Biol Med. 2008 Feb 15;44(4):570-83. Epub 2007 Nov 12. [PubMed Link Image]
Targets
  1. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor
  2. Glycine N-methyltransferase
  3. DNA
Target 1 [top]
Target 1 ID 201
Target 1 Name Aryl hydrocarbon receptor
Target 1 Mechanism of Action Many PAH's induce the expression of cytochrome P450 enzymes, especially CYP1A1, CYP1A2, and CYP1B1, by binding to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor or glycine N-methyltransferase protein. These enzymes metabolize PAH's into their toxic intermediates. The reactive metabolites of PAHs (epoxide intermediates, dihydrodiols, phenols, quinones, and their various combinations) covalently bind to DNA and other cellular macromolecules, initiating mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. (R028, R060, R068, R073)
Target 1 Description Ligand-activated transcriptional activator. Binds to the XRE promoter region of genes it activates. Activates the expression of multiple phase I and II xenobiotic chemical metabolizing enzyme genes (such as the CYP1A1 gene). Mediates biochemical and toxic effects of halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons. Involved in cell-cycle regulation. Likely to play an important role in the development and maturation of many tissues
Target 1 Synonyms
  1. Ah receptor; AhR; Class E basic helix-loop-helix protein 76; bHLHe76
Target 1 Gene Name AHR
Target 1 Protein Sequence >Aryl hydrocarbon receptor 
MNSSSANITYASRKRRKPVQKTVKPIPAEGIKSNPSKRHRDRLNTELDRLASLLPFPQDV
INKLDKLSVLRLSVSYLRAKSFFDVALKSSPTERNGGQDNCRAANFREGLNLQEGEFLLQ
ALNGFVLVVTTDALVFYASSTIQDYLGFQQSDVIHQSVYELIHTEDRAEFQRQLHWALNP
SQCTESGQGIEEATGLPQTVVCYNPDQIPPENSPLMERCFICRLRCLLDNSSGFLAMNFQ
GKLKYLHGQKKKGKDGSILPPQLALFAIATPLQPPSILEIRTKNFIFRTKHKLDFTPIGC
DAKGRIVLGYTEAELCTRGSGYQFIHAADMLYCAESHIRMIKTGESGMIVFRLLTKNNRW
TWVQSNARLLYKNGRPDYIIVTQRPLTDEEGTEHLRKRNTKLPFMFTTGEAVLYEATNPF
PAIMDPLPLRTKNGTSGKDSATTSTLSKDSLNPSSLLAAMMQQDESIYLYPASSTSSTAP
FENNFFNESMNECRNWQDNTAPMGNDTILKHEQIDQPQDVNSFAGGHPGLFQDSKNSDLY
SIMKNLGIDFEDIRHMQNEKFFRNDFSGEVDFRDIDLTDEILTYVQDSLSKSPFIPSDYQ
QQQSLALNSSCMVQEHLHLEQQQQHHQKQVVVEPQQQLCQKMKHMQVNGMFENWNSNQFV
PFNCPQQDPQQYNVFTDLHGISQEFPYKSEMDSMPYTQNFISCNQPVLPQHSKCTELDYP
MGSFEPSPYPTTSSLEDFVTCLQLPENQKHGLNPQSAIITPQTCYAGAVSMYQCQPEPQH
THVGQMQYNPVLPGQQAFLNKFQNGVLNETYPAELNNINNTQTTTHLQPLHHPSEARPFP
DLTSSGFL
Target 1 Number of Residues 848
Target 1 Molecular Weight 96146.7
Target 1 Theoretical pI 6.34
Target 1 GO Classification
Function
signal transducer activity
transcription regulator activity
Process
cellular process
cell communication
signal transduction
regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent
regulation of biological process
regulation of physiological process
regulation of metabolism
regulation of cellular metabolism
regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism
regulation of transcription
Component
organelle
membrane-bound organelle
intracellular membrane-bound organelle
nucleus
Target 1 General Function Involved in Hsp90 protein binding
Target 1 Pathways Not Available
Target 1 Reactions Not Available
Target 1 Signals
  • None
Target 1 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Target 1 Essentiality Non Essential
Target 1 Domain Function PF00010:HLH PF00989:PAS PF08447:PAS_3
Target 1 GenBank ID Protein Not Available
Target 1 UniProtKB ID P35869 Link Image
Target 1 Cellular Location Cytoplasm. Nucleus
Target 1 Gene Sequence >2427 bp 
ATGAACAGCAGCAGCGCCAACATCACCTACGCCAGTCGCAAGCGGCGGAAGCCGGTGCAG
AAAACAGTAAAGCCAATCCCAGCTGAAGGAATCAAGTCAAATCCTTCCAAGCGGCATAGA
GACCGACTTAATACAGAGTTGGACCGTTTGGCTAGCCTGCTGCCTTTCCCACAAGATGTT
ATTAATAAGTTGGACAAACTTTCAGTTCTTAGGCTCAGCGTCAGTTACCTGAGAGCCAAG
AGCTTCTTTGATGTTGCATTAAAATCCTCCCCTACTGAAAGAAACGGAGGCCAGGATAAC
TGTAGAGCAGCAAATTTCAGAGAAGGCCTGAACTTACAAGAAGGAGAATTCTTATTACAG
GCTCTGAATGGCTTTGTATTAGTTGTCACTACAGATGCTTTGGTCTTTTATGCTTCTTCT
ACTATACAAGATTATCTAGGGTTTCAGCAGTCTGATGTCATACATCAGAGTGTATATGAA
CTTATCCATACCGAAGACCGAGCTGAATTTCAGCGTCAGCTACACTGGGCATTAAATCCT
TCTCAGTGTACAGAGTCTGGACAAGGAATTGAAGAAGCCACTGGTCTCCCCCAGACAGTA
GTCTGTTATAACCCAGACCAGATTCCTCCAGAAAACTCTCCTTTAATGGAGAGGTGCTTC
ATATGTCGTCTAAGGTGTCTGCTGGATAATTCATCTGGTTTTCTGGCAATGAATTTCCAA
GGGAAGTTAAAGTATCTTCATGGACAGAAAAAGAAAGGGAAAGATGGATCAATACTTCCA
CCTCAGTTGGCTTTGTTTGCGATAGCTACTCCACTTCAGCCACCATCCATACTTGAAATC
CGGACCAAAAATTTTATCTTTAGAACCAAACACAAACTAGACTTCACACCTATTGGTTGT
GATGCCAAAGGAAGAATTGTTTTAGGATATACTGAAGCAGAGCTGTGCACGAGAGGCTCA
GGTTATCAGTTTATTCATGCAGCTGATATGCTTTATTGTGCCGAGTCCCATATCCGAATG
ATTAAGACTGGAGAAAGTGGCATGATAGTTTTCCGGCTTCTTACAAAAAACAACCGATGG
ACTTGGGTCCAGTCTAATGCACGCCTGCTTTATAAAAATGGAAGACCAGATTATATCATT
GTAACTCAGAGACCACTAACAGATGAGGAAGGAACAGAGCATTTACGAAAACGAAATACG
AAGTTGCCTTTTATGTTTACCACTGGAGAAGCTGTGTTGTATGAGGCAACCAACCCTTTT
CCTGCCATAATGGATCCCTTACCACTAAGGACTAAAAATGGCACTAGTGGAAAAGACTCT
GCTACCACATCCACTCTAAGCAAGGACTCTCTCAATCCTAGTTCCCTCCTGGCTGCCATG
ATGCAACAAGATGAGTCTATTTATCTCTATCCTGCTTCAAGTACTTCAAGTACTGCACCT
TTTGAAAACAACTTTTTCAACGAATCTATGAATGAATGCAGAAATTGGCAAGATAATACT
GCACCGATGGGAAATGATACTATCCTGAAACATGAGCAAATTGACCAGCCTCAGGATGTG
AACTCATTTGCTGGAGGTCACCCAGGGCTCTTTCAAGATAGTAAAAACAGTGACTTGTAC
AGCATAATGAAAAACCTAGGCATTGATTTTGAAGACATCAGACACATGCAGAATGAAAAA
TTTTTCAGAAATGATTTTTCTGGTGAGGTTGACTTCAGAGACATTGACTTAACGGATGAA
ATCCTGACGTATGTCCAAGATTCTTTAAGTAAGTCTCCCTTCATACCTTCAGATTATCAA
CAGCAACAGTCCTTGGCTCTGAACTCAAGCTGTATGGTACAGGAACACCTACATCTAGAA
CAGCAACAGCAACATCACCAAAAGCAAGTAGTAGTGGAGCCACAGCAACAGCTGTGTCAG
AAGATGAAGCACATGCAAGTTAATGGCATGTTTGAAAATTGGAACTCTAACCAATTCGTG
CCTTTCAATTGTCCACAGCAAGACCCACAACAATATAATGTCTTTACAGACTTACATGGG
ATCAGTCAAGAGTTCCCCTACAAATCTGAAATGGATTCTATGCCTTATACACAGAACTTT
ATTTCCTGTAATCAGCCTGTATTACCACAACATTCCAAATGTACAGAGCTGGACTACCCT
ATGGGGAGTTTTGAACCATCCCCATACCCCACTACTTCTAGTTTAGAAGATTTTGTCACT
TGTTTACAACTTCCTGAAAACCAAAAGCATGGATTAAATCCACAGTCAGCCATAATAACT
CCTCAGACATGTTATGCTGGGGCCGTGTCGATGTATCAGTGCCAGCCAGAACCTCAGCAC
ACCCACGTGGGTCAGATGCAGTACAATCCAGTACTGCCAGGCCAACAGGCATTTTTAAAC
AAGTTTCAGAATGGAGTTTTTAAATGA
Target 1 GenBank Gene ID Not Available
Target 1 GeneCard ID AHR Link Image
Target 1 GenAtlas ID AHR Link Image
Target 1 HGNC ID HGNC:348 Link Image
Target 1 Chromosome Location Not Available
Target 1 Locus 7p15
Target 1 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Target 1 Toxin References
  • R060 - Wikipedia. Benzopyrene. Last Updated 22 January 2009.
  • R028 - ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (1995). Toxicological profile for PAHs. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
  • R073 - Padros J, Pelletier E: In vivo formation of (+)-anti-benzo[a]pyrene diol-epoxide-plasma albumin adducts in fish. Mar Environ Res. 2000 Jul-Dec;50(1-5):347-51. [PubMed Link Image]
  • R068 - Uno S, Dragin N, Miller ML, Dalton TP, Gonzalez FJ, Nebert DW: Basal and inducible CYP1 mRNA quantitation and protein localization throughout the mouse gastrointestinal tract. Free Radic Biol Med. 2008 Feb 15;44(4):570-83. Epub 2007 Nov 12. [PubMed Link Image]
Target 1 General References 8393992; 8246913; 7883760; 12853948; 15489334; 16696038; 7515333; 7961644; 10395741; 11259615
Target 2 [top]
Target 2 ID 140
Target 2 Name Glycine N-methyltransferase
Target 2 Mechanism of Action Many PAH's induce the expression of cytochrome P450 enzymes, especially CYP1A1, CYP1A2, and CYP1B1, by binding to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor or glycine N-methyltransferase protein. These enzymes metabolize PAH's into their toxic intermediates. The reactive metabolites of PAHs (epoxide intermediates, dihydrodiols, phenols, quinones, and their various combinations) covalently bind to DNA and other cellular macromolecules, initiating mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. (R028, R060, R068, R073)
Target 2 Description Catalyzes the methylation of glycine by using S- adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) to form N-methylglycine (sarcosine) with the concomitant production of S-adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy). Possible crucial role in the regulation of tissue concentration of AdoMet and of metabolism of methionine
Target 2 Synonyms Not Available
Target 2 Gene Name GNMT
Target 2 Protein Sequence >Glycine N-methyltransferase 
MVDSVYRTRSLGVAAEGLPDQYADGEAARVWQLYIGDTRSRTAEYKAWLLGLLRQHGCQR
VLDVACGTGVDSIMLVEEGFSVTSVDASDKMLKYALKERWNRRHEPAFDKWVIEEANWMT
LDKDVPQSAEGGFDAVICLGNSFAHLPDCKGDQSEHRLALKNIASMVRAGGLLVIDHRNY
DHILSTGCAPPGKNIYYKSDLTKDVTTSVLIVNNKAHMVTLDYTVQVPGAGQDGSPGLSK
FRLSYYPHCLASFTELLQAAFGGKCQHSVLGDFKPYKPGQTYIPCYFIHVLKRTD
Target 2 Number of Residues 295
Target 2 Molecular Weight 32742.0
Target 2 Theoretical pI 7.03
Target 2 GO Classification
Function
Not Available
Process
Not Available
Component
Not Available
Target 2 General Function Secondary metabolites biosynthesis, transport and catabolism
Target 2 Pathways Not Available
Target 2 Reactions Not Available
Target 2 Signals
  • None
Target 2 Transmembrane Regions
  • None
Target 2 Essentiality Non Essential
Target 2 Domain Function PF08242:Methyltransf_12
Target 2 GenBank ID Protein Not Available
Target 2 UniProtKB ID Q14749 Link Image
Target 2 Cellular Location Cytoplasm
Target 2 Gene Sequence >888 bp 
ATGGTGGACAGCGTGTACCGGACCCGCTCCCTGGGGGTGGCGGCCGAAGGGCTCCCGGAC
CAGTACGCGGACGGGGAGGCGGCGCGCGTGTGGCAGCTGTATATCGGAGACACCCGCAGC
CGCACCGCCGAGTACAAGGCATGGCTGCTTGGGCTGCTGCGCCAGCACGGCTGCCAGCGG
GTGCTCGACGTAGCCTGTGGCACTGGGGTGGACTCCATTATGCTGGTGGAAGAGGGCTTC
AGTGTGACGAGTGTGGATGCCAGTGACAAGATGCTGAAGTATGCACTTAAGGAGCGCTGG
AACCGGCGGCACGAGCCCGCCTTCGACAAGTGGGTCATCGAAGAAGCCAACTGGATGACT
CTGGACAAAGATGTGCCCCAGTCAGCAGAGGGTGGCTTTGATGCTGTCATCTGCCTTGGA
AACAGTTTCGCTCACTTGCCAGACTGCAAAGGGGACCAGAGTGAGCACCGGCTGGCGCTG
AAAAACATTGCGAGCATGGTGCGGGCAGGGGGCCTACTGGTCATTGATCATCGCAACTAC
GACCACATCCTCAGTACAGGCTGTGCACCCCCAGGGAAGAACATCTACTATAAGAGTGAC
TTGACCAAGGACGTCACAACATCAGTGCTGATAGTGAACAACAAGGCCCACATGGTGACC
CTGGACTATACGGTGCAGGTGCCGGGGGCTGGCCAGGATGGCTCTCCTGGCTTGAGTAAG
TTCCGGCTCTCCTACTACCCACACTGTCTGGCATCCTTCACGGAGCTGCTCCAAGCAGCC
TTCGGAGGTAAGTGCCAGCACAGCGTCCTGGGCGACTTCAAGCCTTACAAGCCAGGCCAA
ACCTACATTCCCTGCTACTTCATCCACGTGCTCAAGAGGACAGACTGA
Target 2 GenBank Gene ID Not Available
Target 2 GeneCard ID GNMT Link Image
Target 2 GenAtlas ID GNMT Link Image
Target 2 HGNC ID HGNC:4415 Link Image
Target 2 Chromosome Location Not Available
Target 2 Locus 6p12
Target 2 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Target 2 Toxin References
  • R060 - Wikipedia. Benzopyrene. Last Updated 22 January 2009.
  • R028 - ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (1995). Toxicological profile for PAHs. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
  • R073 - Padros J, Pelletier E: In vivo formation of (+)-anti-benzo[a]pyrene diol-epoxide-plasma albumin adducts in fish. Mar Environ Res. 2000 Jul-Dec;50(1-5):347-51. [PubMed Link Image]
  • R068 - Uno S, Dragin N, Miller ML, Dalton TP, Gonzalez FJ, Nebert DW: Basal and inducible CYP1 mRNA quantitation and protein localization throughout the mouse gastrointestinal tract. Free Radic Biol Med. 2008 Feb 15;44(4):570-83. Epub 2007 Nov 12. [PubMed Link Image]
Target 2 General References 9495250; 10843803; 14574404; 15489334; 8281755; 15340920; 17660255; 11810299; 14651980
Target 3 [top]
Target 3 ID 632
Target 3 Name DNA
Target 3 Mechanism of Action The reactive metabolites of PAHs (epoxide intermediates, dihydrodiols, phenols, quinones, and their various combinations) covalently bind to DNA and other cellular macromolecules, initiating mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. (R028, R060, R068, R073)
Target 3 Description Not Available
Target 3 Synonyms Not Available
Target 3 Gene Name Not Available
Target 3 Protein Sequence Not Available
Target 3 Number of Residues Not Available
Target 3 Molecular Weight Not Available
Target 3 Theoretical pI Not Available
Target 3 GO Classification
Function
Not Available
Process
Not Available
Component
Not Available
Target 3 General Function Not Available
Target 3 Pathways Not Available
Target 3 Reactions Not Available
Target 3 Signals Not Available
Target 3 Transmembrane Regions Not Available
Target 3 Essentiality Not Available
Target 3 Domain Function Not Available
Target 3 GenBank ID Protein Not Available
Target 3 UniProtKB ID DNA Link Image
Target 3 Cellular Location Not Available
Target 3 Gene Sequence Not Available
Target 3 GenBank Gene ID Not Available
Target 3 GeneCard ID Not Available
Target 3 GenAtlas ID Not Available
Target 3 HGNC ID Not Available
Target 3 Chromosome Location Not Available
Target 3 Locus Not Available
Target 3 SNPs Not Available
Target 3 Toxin References
  • R060 - Wikipedia. Benzopyrene. Last Updated 22 January 2009.
  • R028 - ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (1995). Toxicological profile for PAHs. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
  • R073 - Padros J, Pelletier E: In vivo formation of (+)-anti-benzo[a]pyrene diol-epoxide-plasma albumin adducts in fish. Mar Environ Res. 2000 Jul-Dec;50(1-5):347-51. [PubMed Link Image]
  • R068 - Uno S, Dragin N, Miller ML, Dalton TP, Gonzalez FJ, Nebert DW: Basal and inducible CYP1 mRNA quantitation and protein localization throughout the mouse gastrointestinal tract. Free Radic Biol Med. 2008 Feb 15;44(4):570-83. Epub 2007 Nov 12. [PubMed Link Image]
Target 3 General References Not Available

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