3169 Botulinum neurotoxin type A Botulinum toxin is a neurotoxic protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. Though it is the most toxic protein known, it may be used in minute doses to treat muscle spasms and in cosmetic treatment, under the brand name Botox. (L1776) 149452.61500000054 Clear solution. >10 mg/mL Oral (L249) ; inhalation (L249) ; dermal (L249) Botulinum toxin is a two-chain polypeptide with a 100-kDa heavy chain joined by a disulfide bond to a 50-kDa light chain. Following the attachment of the toxin heavy chain to proteins on the surface of axon terminals, the toxin can be taken into neurons by endocytosis. The light chain is able to cleave endocytotic vesicles and reach the cytoplasm. The light chain has protease activity and proteolytically degrades the SNAP-25 protein at neuromuscular junctions, preventing vesicles from anchoring to the membrane to release acetylcholine. By inhibiting acetylcholine release, the toxin interferes with nerve impulses and causes flaccid (sagging) paralysis of muscles. (L1776) Free toxin may be removed by opsonization via the reticuloendothelial system (primarily the liver and kidneys) or it may be degraded through cellular internalization via the lysosomes. Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed organelles that contain an array of digestive enzymes, including several proteases. 1 nanogram/kg for an adult human. (L1776) No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC). Botulinum toxin is a neurotoxic protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. Though it is the most toxic protein known, it may be used in minute doses to treat muscle spasms and in cosmetic treatment, under the brand name Botox. (L1776) Botulinum toxin is an extremely potent neurotoxin that causes paralysis. Death may result from respiratory failure following paralysis of the respiratory muscles. (L1776) Adverse effects from the cosmetic use of botulinum toxin include headaches, focal facial paralysis, muscle weakness, dysphagia, flu-like syndromes, and allergic reactions. (L1776) Treatment consists of antitoxin administration and artificial ventilation until the neurotoxins are excreted or metabolised. The two primary botulinum antitoxins are Trivalent (A,B,E) Botulinum Antitoxin and Heptavalent (A,B,C,D,E,F,G) Botulinum Antitoxin. (L1776) 2009-07-30T17:55:47Z 2014-12-24T20:26:00Z P10845 Botulinum neurotoxin type A 1UEE Clostridium botulinum true Exogenous Liquid 1xtf_bio_r_500.jpg image/jpeg 41747 2014-10-14T18:14:14Z BSEQ0008528