2661 Pneumolysin Pneumolysin (PLY) is the cytolysin produced by Streptococcus pneumoniae and is a key virulence factor. The protein contains 471 amino acids and four structural domains. Pneumolysin belongs to a family of protein toxins known as the 'thiol-activated cytolysins'. It is a member of a large family of highly conserved, cholesterol binding toxins. The cholesterol-dependent cytolysins are pore-forming toxins. (L1786) 52898.04999999993 Clear solution. >10 mg/mL Ingestion (L1816) ; inhalation (L1816) ; dermal (L1816) Pneumolysin binds to cholesterol the undergoes oligomerization and membrane pore formation. Pneumolysin also activates the classical pathway of complement. Mutational analysis of the toxin and knowledge of sequence variation in outbreak strains suggests that additional activities of biologic importance exist. Pneumolysin activates a large number of genes, some by epigenetic modification, in eukaryotic cells and multiple signal transduction pathways. Cytolytic effects contribute to lung injury and neuronal damage while proinflammatory effects compound tissue damage. (T170, L1786) Free toxin may be removed by opsonization via the reticuloendothelial system (primarily the liver and kidneys) or it may be degraded through cellular internalization via the lysosomes. Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed organelles that contain an array of digestive enzymes, including several proteases. LD50: 1.5 ug/mg (Intravenous, Rabbit) (A2855) No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC). Pneumolysin (PLY) is the cytolysin produced by Streptococcus pneumoniae and is a key virulence factor. (L1786) Pneumolysin is hemolytic and cytolytic. Cytolytic effects contribute to lung injury and neuronal damage while proinflammatory effects compound tissue damage. Streptococcus pneumoniae causes many types of pneumococcal infection, including pneumonia, acute sinusitis, otitis media, meningitis, bacteremia, sepsis, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, endocarditis, peritonitis, pericarditis, cellulitis, and brain abscess.(T170, L1786) Pneumolysin is hemolytic and cytolytic. Cytolytic effects contribute to lung injury and neuronal damage while proinflammatory effects compound tissue damage. (T170, L1786) S. pneumoniae used to be treated with penicillin, but there has been an increasing prevalence of penicillin resistance. A varying proportion of strains may also be resistant to cephalosporins, macrolides (such as erythromycin), tetracycline, clindamycin and the quinolones. Most isolates remain susceptible to vancomycin, and advanced beta-lactam antibiotics (cephalosporins) are commonly used in combination with other drugs to treat meningitis and community-acquired pneumonia. In adults, recently developed fluoroquinolones such as levofloxacin and moxifloxacin are often used to provide empiric coverage for patients with pneumonia. (L1786) 2009-07-06T18:11:35Z 2014-12-24T20:25:46Z http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumolysin P0C2J9 Pneumolysin true Exogenous Liquid 2bk1_bio_r_500.jpg image/jpeg 38704 2014-10-14T18:13:44Z BSEQ0008492