2659 Enterotoxin type A Enterotoxin type A is one of many enterotoxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus. Enterotoxins are cytotoxic and kill cells by altering the apical membrane permeability of the mucosal (epithelial) cells of the intestinal wall. They are mostly pore forming toxins that assemble to form pores in cell membranes. (L1780) 29669.309999999958 Clear solution. >10 mg/mL Ingestion (L1816) ; inhalation (L1816) ; dermal (L1816) The action of enterotoxins leads to increased chloride ion permeability of the apical membrane of intestinal mucosal cells. These membrane pores are activated by either increased cAMP or by increased calcium ion concentration intracellularly. The pore formation has a direct effect on the osmolarity of the luminal contents of the intestines. Increased chloride permeability leads to leakage into the lumen followed by sodium and water movement. This leads to a secretory diarrhea within a few hours of ingesting enterotoxin. (L1780) Free toxin may be removed by opsonization via the reticuloendothelial system (primarily the liver and kidneys) or it may be degraded through cellular internalization via the lysosomes. Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed organelles that contain an array of digestive enzymes, including several proteases. No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC). Enterotoxin type A is one of many enterotoxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus. (L1780) Enterotoxins are cytotoxic. (L1780) Enterotoxins cause diarrhea. (L1780) The treatment of choice for S. aureus infection is penicillin, but in most countries, penicillin-resistance is extremely common and first-line therapy is most commonly a penicillinase-resistant penicillin (for example, oxacillin or flucloxacillin). Combination therapy with gentamicin may be used to treat serious infections like endocarditis, but its use is controversial because of the high risk of damage to the kidneys. The duration of treatment depends on the site of infection and on severity. (L1773) 2009-07-06T18:11:34Z 2014-12-24T20:25:46Z P0A0L2 Enterotoxin type A 1DYQ true Exogenous Liquid 1dyq_bio_r_500.jpg image/jpeg 41627 2014-10-14T18:13:42Z BSEQ0008491