2640 Alpha-toxin (Clostridium perfringens) Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin is a toxin produced by Clostridium perfringens. It exhibits a phospholipase C (PLC) and sphingomyelinase activity. Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin is responsible for gas gangrene and myonecrosis in infected tissues. It also possesses hemolytic activity. (L1805) 45529.28499999996 Clear solution. >10 mg/mL Ingestion (L1816) ; inhalation (L1816) ; dermal (L1816) Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin is a zinc metallophospholipase requiring zinc for activation. The C-terminal C2-like PLAT domain binds calcium and allows the toxin to bind to the phospholipid head-groups on the cell surface. The C-terminal domain enters the phospholipid bilayer. The N-terminal domain has phospholipase activity. This property allows hydrolysis of phospholipids such as phosphatidyl choline, mimicking endogenous phospholipase C. The hydrolysis of phosphatidyl choline produces diacylglycerol which activates a variety of second messenger pathways. The end result includes activation of arachidonic acid pathway and production of thromboxane A2, production of IL-8, platelet-activating factor, and several intercellular adhesion molecules. These actions combine to cause edema due to increased vascular permeability. (L1805) Free toxin may be removed by opsonization via the reticuloendothelial system (primarily the liver and kidneys) or it may be degraded through cellular internalization via the lysosomes. Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed organelles that contain an array of digestive enzymes, including several proteases. LD50: 3 ug/kg (Intravenous, Mouse) (A2855) No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC). Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin is a toxin produced by Clostridium perfringens. (L1805) Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin is responsible for gas gangrene and myonecrosis in infected tissues. It also possesses hemolytic activity. (L1805) Ingestion of Clostridium perfringens causes food poisoning characterized by colic, diarrhoea and sometimes nausea. Infections show evidence of tissue necrosis, bacteremia, emphysematous cholecystitis, and gas gangrene, which is also known as clostridial myonecrosis. (L1804) Clostridium perfringens infections can be treated with antibiotics. (L1804) 2009-07-06T18:11:26Z 2014-12-24T20:25:45Z http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium_perfringens_alpha_toxin P0C216 Alpha Toxin 1CA1 true Exogenous Liquid 1qm6_bio_r_500.jpg image/jpeg 45212 2014-10-14T18:13:31Z BSEQ0008481