2636 Pertussis toxin Pertussis toxin (PTX; 106 kDa) is one of the numerous toxins from Bordetella pertussis, the agent of the whooping cough disease. Pertussis toxin belongs to the A-B5 bacterial toxin superfamily. It is composed of a B oligomer (subunits S1, S2, S3, (2)S4, and S5), responsible for its binding to target cells, and a A moiety (subunit S1) that exhibits ADP-ribosyltransferase activity. (A338, A344) 70323-44-3 29973.969999999976 Clear solution. >10 mg/mL Ingestion (L1816) ; inhalation (L1816) ; dermal (L1816) After binding to the cell receptors, pertussis toxin (PTX) is endocytosed and the A moiety translocates into the cytosol where it expresses the ADP-ribosyltransferase activity on heterotrimeric G proteins. ADP-ribosylated G-proteins loose their ability to transduce signals. Furthermore, the binding of the B oligomer to the cell receptor is able to trigger different signal transduction pathways which, in turn, can lead to DNA synthesis in B cells, proliferation in T lymphocytes, and others. (A338, A344) Free toxin may be removed by opsonization via the reticuloendothelial system (primarily the liver and kidneys) or it may be degraded through cellular internalization via the lysosomes. Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed organelles that contain an array of digestive enzymes, including several proteases. No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC). Pertussis toxin (PTX; 106 kDa) is one of the numerous toxins from Bordetella pertussis, the agent of the whooping cough disease. (A338, A344) Pertussis toxin is an exotoxin produced by Bordetella pertussis, the agent of the whooping cough disease. (A344, A343, A342) After an incubation period that is typically seven to ten days, pertussis in infants and young children is characterized initially by mild respiratory infection symptoms such as mild coughing, sneezing, and runny nose (catarrhal stage). After one to two weeks, the coughing develops into uncontrollable fits, each with five to ten forceful coughs, followed by a high-pitched "whoop" sound as the patient struggles to breathe in afterwards (paroxysmal stage). Coughing fits are commonly followed by vomiting, and can lead to malnutrition. Fits can occur on their own or can be triggered by eating; they usually occur in groups, with multiple episodes every hour around the clock. This stage lasts two to eight weeks, and sometimes longer. A gradual transition then occurs to the convalescent stage, which usually lasts one to two weeks. Common complications of the disease include pneumonia, encephalopathy, earache, and seizures. Infection in newborns is particularly severe, with a death risk of up to 3%, often caused by severe pulmonary hypertension. (L1728) Treatment with an effective antibiotic (erythromycin or azithromycin) shortens the infectious period but does not generally alter the outcome of the disease; however, when treatment is initiated during the catarrhal stage, symptoms may be less severe. Three macrolides (erythromycin, azithromycin and clarithromycin) are used in the U.S. for treatment of pertussis; trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is generally used when a macrolide is ineffective or is contraindicated. (L1728) 2009-07-06T18:11:24Z 2014-12-24T20:25:45Z http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertussis_toxin P04977 Pertussis toxin 1BCP true Exogenous Liquid 1bcp_bio_r_500.jpg image/jpeg 57887 2014-10-14T18:13:28Z BSEQ0008478