2628 Maitotoxin Maitotoxin (MTX) is an extremely potent toxin produced by a species of dinoflagellates (Gambierdiscus toxicus). It activates calcium permeable, non-selective cation channels, leading to an increase in levels of cytosolic calcium ions. Ultimately, a cell death cascade is activated, resulting in membrane blebbing and eventually cell lysis. (L1114) 59392-53-9 71460273 C164H256Na2O68S2 3425.8741 White powder. Injection (sting/bite) (L1815) Maitotoxin activates calcium permeable, non-selective cation channels, leading to an increase in levels of cytosolic calcium ions. It is thought that maitotoxin leads to the formation of pores on these ion channels. Ultimately, a cell death cascade is activated, resulting in membrane blebbing and eventually cell lysis. Maitotoxin is also known to activate cytosolic calcium-activated proteases calpain-1 and calpain-2, contributing to necrosis. (L1114) LD50: 50 ug/kg (Mouse) (L1114) No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC). Maitotoxin is an extremely potent toxin produced by a species of dinoflagellates (Gambierdiscus toxicus). (L1114) Maitotoxin is a potent cytotoxin. (L1114) Toxin from Gambierdiscus toxicus can cause a type of food poisoning called ciguatera. Hallmark symptoms of ciguatera include gastrointestinal and neurological effects. Gastrointestinal symptoms include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea usually followed by neurological symptoms such as headaches, muscle aches, paresthesia, numbness, ataxia, and hallucinations. Severe cases of ciguatera can also result in cold allodynia. (L995) Ciguatera poisoning is treated with supportive care. Some medications such as the use of Amitriptyline may reduce some symptoms of ciguatera, such as fatigue and paresthesia, although benefit does not occur in every case. Also used are steroids and vitamin supplements, but these merely support the body's recovery rather than directly reducing the toxic effects. (L995) 2009-07-05T17:25:24Z 2014-12-24T20:25:44Z http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maitotoxin C020394 Maitotoxin true [Na+].[Na+].[H]\C(CO)=C(\C)C(=C)[C@]([H])(O)C[C@@]([H])(C)[C@@]([H])(O)[C@]([H])(CC[C@@]([H])(C)[C@@]([H])(O)[C@@]([H])(C)[C@]1([H])O[C@@]2([H])[C@@]([H])(O[C@]3([H])C[C@]4([H])O[C@]5([H])[C@@]([H])(O)[C@]6([H])O[C@]([H])([C@]([H])(O)[C@@]([H])(O)C[C@]7([H])O[C@]8([H])C[C@]9([H])O[C@@]%10([H])[C@]([H])(C[C@@]9([H])O[C@@]8([H])[C@@]([H])(O)[C@@]7([H])OS([O-])(=O)=O)O[C@@]7([H])[C@]([H])(O)[C@@]([H])(O)[C@@]([H])(O[C@]7([H])[C@]%10([H])O)[C@]7([H])O[C@@]8([H])C[C@@]([H])(O)[C@@]([H])(O[C@@]8([H])[C@]([H])(O)[C@@]7([H])O)[C@]([H])(O)C[C@@]([H])(O)C[C@]7([H])O[C@@]8([H])C[C@@]([H])(O)[C@@]([H])(O[C@@]8([H])[C@]([H])(O)[C@@]7([H])O)[C@]7([H])O[C@]8([H])[C@]([H])(O)[C@]9(C)O[C@]%10([H])CC[C@]%11(C)O[C@]%12([H])C[C@]%13([H])O[C@@]([H])(CC[C@@]%13([H])O[C@@]%12(C)C[C@@]%11([H])O[C@@]%10(C)C[C@@]9([H])O[C@@]8(C)C[C@@]7([H])O)[C@]7(C)O[C@]8(C)C[C@]9([H])O[C@]%10([H])C[C@]%11([H])O[C@]%12([H])C\C([H])=C([H])/[C@]%13([H])O[C@]%14(C)C[C@]%15(C)O[C@]%16(C)CC[C@]([H])(O[C@@]%16([H])C[C@@]%15([H])O[C@@]%14([H])C[C@@]%13([H])O[C@@]%12([H])C[C@@]%11(C)O[C@@]%10(C)CC[C@@]9(C)O[C@@]8([H])C[C@@]7([H])O)[C@@]([H])(O)[C@]([H])(O)C[C@@]([H])(C)[C@@]([H])(C)CC=C)[C@]([H])(O)C[C@@]6([H])O[C@@]5(C)C[C@@]4([H])O[C@@]3(C)C[C@@]2([H])O)[C@@]([H])(O)[C@@]1([H])O)OS([O-])(=O)=O C164H256Na2O68S2 InChI=1S/C164H258O68S2.2Na/c1-24-26-65(2)68(5)41-74(168)117(179)85-33-36-152(11)106(203-85)55-109-162(21,231-152)64-161(20)105(210-109)51-89-83(220-161)28-25-27-82-99(199-89)59-157(16)108(202-82)56-107-153(12,230-157)39-38-151(10)112(211-107)61-158(17)111(224-151)54-101(176)163(22,232-158)103-32-31-84-90(204-103)53-110-156(15,219-84)62-113-150(9,223-110)37-34-102-155(14,225-113)63-114-164(23,227-102)147(192)149-159(18,226-114)58-81(175)134(218-149)133-79(173)47-93-136(216-133)120(182)119(181)92(200-93)44-72(166)43-76(170)131-77(171)46-94-137(214-131)122(184)124(186)143(207-94)145-126(188)125(187)144-146(217-145)128(190)139-97(208-144)50-88-87(206-139)49-96-138(205-88)127(189)141(229-234(196,197)198)95(201-96)45-75(169)118(180)132-78(172)48-98-140(215-132)129(191)148-160(19,221-98)60-100-91(209-148)52-104-154(13,222-100)57-80(174)135-142(212-104)123(185)121(183)130(213-135)71(8)115(177)67(4)29-30-86(228-233(193,194)195)116(178)69(6)42-73(167)70(7)66(3)35-40-165;;/h24-25,28,35,65,67-69,71-149,165-192H,1,7,26-27,29-34,36-64H2,2-6,8-23H3,(H,193,194,195)(H,196,197,198);;/q;2*+1/p-2/b28-25-,66-35+;;/t65-,67+,68+,69+,71+,72+,73+,74+,75-,76+,77+,78+,79+,80+,81+,82+,83-,84+,85-,86-,87-,88+,89+,90-,91-,92-,93-,94-,95-,96+,97-,98+,99-,100+,101+,102+,103-,104+,105-,106-,107+,108-,109+,110+,111-,112-,113+,114+,115+,116+,117-,118+,119-,120+,121+,122+,123-,124+,125+,126+,127+,128+,129-,130-,131-,132-,133+,134+,135+,136+,137+,138+,139-,140+,141-,142-,143+,144-,145+,146+,147-,148+,149+,150-,151+,152+,153-,154-,155-,156-,157+,158+,159-,160-,161+,162-,163+,164+;;/m0../s1 InChIKey=NWQUHAJRFNRIIU-DVGFTKJRSA-L 3425.856 3423.581083218 Exogenous Solid CHEMBL2152261 10477103