2534 Poneratoxin Poneratoxin is a paralyzing neurotoxic peptide from the bullet ant Paraponera clavata that affects voltage-dependent sodium ion channels and blocks the synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. It is stored in the venom reservoir as an inactive 25-residue peptide. Poneratoxin has a V shape, with two alpha-helices connected by a beta-turn. It is a strong, but very slowly acting agonist for smooth muscles and its blocks synaptic transmission in the insect CNS in a concentration-dependent manner and depolarizes giant interneurons. Also affects neuromuscular transmission in rat tissue. Poneratoxin was first described in the early 1990s when an effort was being made to find natural substances which could lead to the development of insecticides and new types of muscle-relaxing compounds. Poneratoxin causes slow and long-lasting contractions of mammalian smooth muscles, blocks synaptic transmission by changing the kinetics of the voltage-dependent sodium channels and affects the excitability of insect axons. At low concentrations, these effects are reversible. One venom reservoir holds 1μg of poneratoxin; for a small insect this is enough to block transmission irreversibly if the venom is injected straight into the creature's central nervous system. For a vertebrate, it has been estimated that 30 bullet ant stings per kg is enough to kill. (A15334) 137084-94-7 2757.3300000000004 Clear solution. >10 mg/mL Injection (sting/bite) (L1811) Poneratoxin affects voltage-dependent sodium ion channels and is known to block nicotinic synaptic transmission in the insect central nervous system. (L1019) Free toxin may be removed by opsonization via the reticuloendothelial system (primarily the liver and kidneys) or it may be degraded through cellular internalization via the lysosomes. Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed organelles that contain an array of digestive enzymes, including several proteases. No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC). Poneratoxin is a paralyzing neurotoxic peptide produced by the Bullet ant (Paraponera clavata). (L1019) Poneratoxin is neurotoxic. (L1019) The Bullet ant's bite causes a burning, throbbing pain at the site bite location. In extreme causes temporary paralysis may also occur. (L1035) Minor bites and stings can be treated by: 1) washing the affected area with soap and water; 2) placing a cold compress (a flannel or cloth cooled with cold water) over the affected area to reduce swelling and 3) not scratching the area as it can become infected. If the symptoms of a systemic reaction (SR) appear, it could lead to anaphylactic shock. Anaphylaxis may need to be treated with an adrenaline injection, antihistamines, oxygen or an intravenous drip directly into a vein. 2009-07-03T22:18:58Z 2014-12-24T20:25:36Z P41736 1G92 true Exogenous Liquid Poneratoxin.jpg image/jpeg 24797 2014-10-14T18:12:40Z BSEQ0008423