211 1,4-Dioxane 1,4-Dioxane (commonly referred to as simply ‘dioxane’) is used as a solvent in the manufacture of other chemicals and as a laboratory reagent. It is a trace contaminant of some chemicals used in cosmetics, detergents, and shampoos. (L1189) 123-91-1 31275 C4H8O2 88.052430 1,4-Dioxane is a colorless volatile liquid with a faint pleasant odor and mixes easily with water. (L1189) 11.8°C 101.1 °C 1.033 g/cm³ 1000 mg/mL at 20 °C [RIDDICK,JA et al. (1986)] 5-18 °C Oral (L1189) ; inhalation (L1189) ; dermal (L1189) Though the mechanism of toxicity of 1,4-dioxane has not yet been elucidated, it is known that its carcinogenic effects are caused by a non-genotoxic mechanism that is most likely cytotoxic in nature. (L1189, L1881) Exposure to 1,4-dioxane may occur by inhalation, ingestion, and to a lesser extent by dermal contact. 1,4-Dioxane is quickly absorbed and metabolized to beta-hydroxyethoxyacetic acid (HEAA) by mixed-function oxidase enzymes. HEAA can then be converted to 1,4-dioxane-2-one under acidic conditions. Both of these products are rapidly and extensively eliminated in the urine (>95%). Unchanged 1,4-dioxane can also be excreted in the urine and in exhaled air, but mainly after high-dose exposure. (L1189) LD50: 1550 mg/kg (Intravenous, Rabbit) (A710) LD50: 4350 mg/kg (Subcutaneous, Mouse) (A710) LD50: >8300 mg/kg (Dermal, Rabbit) (A710) LD50: 2100 mg/kg (Oral, Dog) (A710) LD50: 799 mg/kg (Intraperitoneal, Rat) (T14) LC50: 46 g/m3 over 2 hours (Inhalation, Rat) (A710) 470 ppm for an adult human. (A711) 2B, possibly carcinogenic to humans. (L135) 1,4-Dioxane is primarily used in solvent applications for the manufacturing sector; however, it is also found in fumigants and automotive coolant. 1,4-Dioxane is a byproduct of the ethoxylation process in cosmetics manufacturing, thus many products on the market today contain 1,4-dioxane in very small amounts. However, some cosmetics, detergents, and shampoos may contain 1,4-dioxane at levels higher than recommended by the FDA for other products. 1,4-Dioxane can also be found in tap water, so human exposure to 1,4-dioxane may also occur during activities such as showering, bathing, and laundering. (L1189, L1880) 1,4-Dioxane for short period of time cause eye and nose irritation at low levels, and severe kidney and liver effects and possibly death at very high levels. For long-term exposure, studies in animals have shown that breathing vapors of 1,4-dioxane, swallowing liquid 1,4-dioxane or contaminated drinking water, or having skin contact with liquid 1,4-dioxane affects mainly the liver and kidneys. Studies in workers did not indicate whether 1,4-dioxane causes cancer, but animal studies suggest that it is a probable human carcinogen. (L1189) 1,4-Dioxane causes eye and respiratory tract irritation. (L1880) 2009-03-06T18:58:17Z 2014-12-24T20:21:20Z http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1,4-Dioxane C14440 47032 C025223 1,4-Dioxane DB03316 541 true Cytochrome P450 2E1 (P05181) (L1189) C1COCCO1 C4H8O2 InChI=1S/C4H8O2/c1-2-6-4-3-5-1/h1-4H2 InChIKey=RYHBNJHYFVUHQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 88.1051 88.0524295 Exogenous Liquid CHEMBL453716 29015