12 Chloroform Chloroform is found in spearmint. Indirect food additive arising from adhesives and polymers Chloroform is a common solvent in the laboratory because it is relatively unreactive, miscible with most organic liquids, and conveniently volatile. Chloroform is used as a solvent in the pharmaceutical industry and for producing dyes and pesticides. Chloroform is an effective solvent for alkaloids in their base form and thus plant material is commonly extracted with chloroform for pharmaceutical processing. For example, it is commercially used to extract morphine from poppies and scopolamine from Datura plants. Chloroform containing deuterium (heavy hydrogen), CDCl3, is a common solvent used in NMR spectroscopy. It can be used to bond pieces of acrylic glass (also known under the trade names Perspex and Plexiglas). Chloroform is a solvent of phenol:chloroform:isoamyl alcohol 25:24:1 is used to dissolve non-nucleic acid biomolecules in DNA and RNA extractions. Chloroform is the organic compound with formula CHCl3. It does not undergo combustion in air, although it will burn when mixed with more flammable substances. It is a member of a group of compounds known as trihalomethanes. Chloroform has myriad uses as a reagent and a solvent. It is also considered an environmental hazard. Several million tons are produced annually. The output of this process is a mixture of the four chloromethanes: chloromethane, dichloromethane, chloroform (trichloromethane), and carbon tetrachloride, which are then separated by distillation. Chloroform has been shown to exhibit antifoaming agent, anti-coagulant, depressant, analgesic and anti-fungal functions (A7671, A7672, A7673, A7674, A7675). Chloroform belongs to the family of Organochlorides. These are organic compounds containing a chlorine atom. 67-66-3 6212 CHCl3 117.914380 Colorless liquid. -63.2°C 61.2 °C 1.48 g/cm3 7.95 mg/mL at 25°C Oral (L13) ; inhalation (L13) Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2 (Q12809) Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 6 (Q9H252) Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 7 (Q9NS40) (A29) Chloroform and the reactive intermediates of chloroform metabolism, especially phosgene, bind covalently and irreversibly to cellular macromolecules and cause cellular damage within the liver and kidney. While the exact mechanism is unknown, phosgene has been shown to react with molecules such as cysteine, deplete hepatic glutathione, form adducts with microsomal proteins, and elevate hepatic enzyme levels. Chloroform has also been shown to block HERG potassium channels, causing cardiac arrest. (L13, A11, A29) Chloroform in absorbed mainly through the lungs. Once in the body it concentrates in lipid-containing organs such as the adipose tissue, the central nervous system, kidney and liver. It is eliminated unchanged in expired air or metabolized by the liver via a cytochrome P450 mechanism and excreted in the urine and faeces. (A11) LD50: 36 mg/kg (Oral, Mouse) (L138) LD50: 623 mg/kg (Intraperitoneal, Mouse) (L138) LD50: 704 mg/kg (Subcutaneous, Mouse) (L138) LC50: 47 702 mg/m3 over 4 hours (Inhalation, Rat) (L138) 10 mL for an adult human. (T17) 2B, possibly carcinogenic to humans. (L135) Chloroform is found in refridgerants and is also used as a solvent or reagent in the synthesis of other chemicals. Exposure may results from contact with contaminated air or water. (L13) Acute Inhalation: 0.1 ppm (L134) Intermediate Inhalation: 0.05 ppm (L134) Chronic Inhalation: 0.02 ppm (L134) Acute Oral: 0.3 mg/kg/day (L134) Intermediate Oral: 0.1 mg/kg/day (L134) Chronic Oral: 0.1 mg/kg/day (L134) Chronic exposure to chloroform causes liver and kidney damage. It has also been shown to have detrimental reproductive and developmental effects. Skin contact with large amounts of chloroform results in sores. Inhaling large amounts of chloroform can cause central nervous system and respiratory depression, and may be fatal. (L13) Acute inhalation of chloroform causes dizziness, fatigue, and headache. (L13) There is no known antidote for chloroform. Exposure is usually handled with symptomatic treatment. (L13) 2009-03-06T18:57:55Z 2014-12-24T20:20:51Z Cytochrome P450 2E1 (P05181) (L13) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroform C13827 35255 5-CHLOROFORMYCIN D002725 Chloroform MCH 307 true Cytochrome P450 2E1 (P05181) (L13) ClC(Cl)Cl CHCl3 InChI=1S/CHCl3/c2-1(3)4/h1H InChIKey=HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 119.378 117.914383153 Exogenous Liquid 1.97 HMDB29596 CHEMBL44618 5977