| Version |
1.0 |
| Creation Date |
2009-06-19 21:58:58 |
| Update Date |
2009-10-19 22:45:01 |
| Accession Number |
T3D1567 |
| Name |
alpha-Aluminum oxide hydroxide |
| Compound Type |
- Aluminum Compound
- Inorganic Compound
|
| Description |
alpha-Aluminum oxide hydroxide is a chemical compound of aluminum. Aluminum is the most abundant metal in the earth's crust and is always found combined with other elements such as oxygen, silicon, and fluorine. (R1128, R1129) |
| Synonyms |
Not Available |
| Chemical IUPAC Name |
Not Available |
| Chemical Formula |
AlHO2 |
| Chemical Structure |
 |
| CAS Registry Number |
14457-84-2 |
| InChI Identifier |
Not Available |
| InChI Key |
Not Available |
| PubChem Compound ID |
Not Available |
| KEGG ID |
Not Available |
| UniProt ID |
Not Available |
| OMIM ID |
Not Available |
| ChEBI ID |
30190  |
| BioCyc ID |
Not Available |
| SuperToxic ID |
Not Available |
| CTD ID |
Not Available |
| Stitch ID |
Aluminum oxide hydroxide, alpha- |
| DrugBank ID |
Not Available |
| PDB ID |
Not Available |
| ACToR ID |
Not Available |
| Wikipedia Link |
Not Available |
| Monoisotopic Mass |
59.9883 |
| MOL File |
Not Available |
| PDB File |
Not Available |
| SDF File |
|
| SMILES |
Not Available |
| Appearance |
Not Available |
| Melting Point |
Not Available |
| Solubility |
Not Available |
| Predicted LogP |
Not Available |
| Route of Exposure |
Oral (R1128) ; inhalation (R1128) |
| Mechanism of Action |
The main target organs of aluminum are the central nervous system and bone. Aluminum binds with dietary phosphorus and impairs gastrointestinal absorption of phosphorus. The decreased phosphate body burden results in osteomalacia (softening of the bones due to defective bone mineralization) and rickets. Aluminum's neurotoxicity is believed to involve several mechanisms. Changes in cytoskeletal protein functions as a results of altered phosphorylation, proteolysis, transport, and synthesis are believed to be one cause. Aluminum may induce neurobehavioral effects by affecting permeability of the blood-brain barrier, cholinergic activity, signal transduction pathways, lipid peroxidation, and impair neuronal glutamate nitric oxide-cyclic GMP pathway, as well as interfere with metabolism of essential trace elements because of similar coordination chemistries and consequent competitive interactions. Aluminum can also interact with estrogen receptors, increasing the expression of estrogen-related genes and contributing to the progression of breast cancer. Certain aluminum salts induce immune responses by activating inflammasomes. (R1128, R1130, R1132) |
| Metabolism |
Aluminum is poorly absorbed following either oral or inhalation exposure and is essentially not absorbed dermally. The bioavailability of aluminum is strongly influenced by the aluminum compound and the presence of dietary constituents which can complex with aluminum and enhance or inhibit its absorption. Aluminum binds to various ligands in the blood and distributes to every organ, with highest concentrations found in bone and lung tissues. In living organisms, aluminum is believed to exist in four different forms: as free ions, as low-molecular-weight complexes, as physically bound macromolecular complexes, and as covalently bound macromolecular complexes. Absorbed aluminum is excreted principally in the urine and, to a lesser extent, in the bile, while unabsorbed aluminum is excreted in the faeces. (R1128) |
| Toxicity Values |
Not Available |
| Lethal Dose |
Not Available |
| Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification) |
Not Available |
| Uses/Sources |
Not Available |
| Minimum Risk Level |
Intermediate Oral: 1.0 mg/kg/day (R260)
Chronic Oral: 1.0 mg/kg/day (R260) |
| Health Effects |
Aluminum targets the nervous system and causes decreased nervous system performance and is associated with altered function of the blood-brain barrier. The accumulation of aluminum in the body may cause bone or brain diseases. High levels of aluminum have been linked to Alzheimer's disease. A small percentage of people are allergic to aluminium and experience contact dermatitis, digestive disorders, vomiting or other symptoms upon contact or ingestion of products containing aluminium. (R1128, R1129) |
| Symptoms |
Inhalating aluminum dust causes coughing and abnormal chest X-rays. A small percentage of people are allergic to aluminium and experience contact dermatitis, digestive disorders, vomiting or other symptoms upon contact or ingestion of products containing aluminium. (R1128, R1129) |
| Treatment |
Not Available |
| General References |
- R1132 - Aimanianda V, Haensler J, Lacroix-Desmazes S, Kaveri SV, Bayry J: Novel cellular and molecular mechanisms of induction of immune responses by aluminum adjuvants. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2009 Jun;30(6):287-95. Epub 2009 May 11. [PubMed ]
- R1130 - Darbre PD: Metalloestrogens: an emerging class of inorganic xenoestrogens with potential to add to the oestrogenic burden of the human breast. J Appl Toxicol. 2006 May-Jun;26(3):191-7. [PubMed ]
- R1129 - Wikipedia. Aluminium. Last Updated 16 June 2009.
- R260 - ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2001). Minimal Risk Levels (MRLs) for Hazardous Substances. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
- R1128 - ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2008). Toxicological profile for aluminum. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
|
| Targets |
- Estrogen receptor
- NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3
- Phosphorus
|
|
Target 1
[top]
|
| Target 1 ID |
5 |
| Target 1 Name |
Estrogen receptor |
| Target 1 Mechanism of Action |
Aluminum can also interact with estrogen receptors, increasing the expression of estrogen-related genes and contributing to the progression of breast cancer. (R1130) |
| Target 1 Description |
Nuclear hormone receptor. The steroid hormones and their receptors are involved in the regulation of eukaryotic gene expression and affect cellular proliferation and differentiation in target tissues |
| Target 1 Synonyms |
- ER; Estradiol receptor; ER-alpha; Nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group A member 1
|
| Target 1 Gene Name |
ESR1 |
| Target 1 Protein Sequence |
>Estrogen receptor
MTMTLHTKASGMALLHQIQGNELEPLNRPQLKIPLERPLGEVYLDSSKPAVYNYPEGAAY
EFNAAAAANAQVYGQTGLPYGPGSEAAAFGSNGLGGFPPLNSVSPSPLMLLHPPPQLSPF
LQPHGQQVPYYLENEPSGYTVREAGPPAFYRPNSDNRRQGGRERLASTNDKGSMAMESAK
ETRYCAVCNDYASGYHYGVWSCEGCKAFFKRSIQGHNDYMCPATNQCTIDKNRRKSCQAC
RLRKCYEVGMMKGGIRKDRRGGRMLKHKRQRDDGEGRGEVGSAGDMRAANLWPSPLMIKR
SKKNSLALSLTADQMVSALLDAEPPILYSEYDPTRPFSEASMMGLLTNLADRELVHMINW
AKRVPGFVDLTLHDQVHLLECAWLEILMIGLVWRSMEHPGKLLFAPNLLLDRNQGKCVEG
MVEIFDMLLATSSRFRMMNLQGEEFVCLKSIILLNSGVYTFLSSTLKSLEEKDHIHRVLD
KITDTLIHLMAKAGLTLQQQHQRLAQLLLILSHIRHMSNKGMEHLYSMKCKNVVPLYDLL
LEMLDAHRLHAPTSRGGASVEETDQSHLATAGSTSSHSLQKYYITGEAEGFPATV
|
| Target 1 Number of Residues |
595 |
| Target 1 Molecular Weight |
66215.4 |
| Target 1 Theoretical pI |
8.14 |
| Target 1 GO Classification |
|
Function
|
steroid binding
signal transducer activity
receptor activity
ligand-dependent nuclear receptor activity
steroid hormone receptor activity
binding
nucleic acid binding
DNA binding
transcription factor activity |
|
Process
|
regulation of biological process
regulation of physiological process
regulation of metabolism
regulation of cellular metabolism
regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism
regulation of transcription
regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent |
|
Component
|
organelle
membrane-bound organelle
intracellular membrane-bound organelle
nucleus |
|
| Target 1 General Function |
Involved in estrogen receptor activity |
| Target 1 Pathways |
Not Available |
| Target 1 Reactions |
Not Available |
| Target 1 Signals |
|
| Target 1 Transmembrane Regions |
|
| Target 1 Essentiality |
Non Essential |
| Target 1 Domain Function |
PF00104:Hormone_recep
PF02159:Oest_recep
PF00105:zf-C4 |
| Target 1 GenBank ID Protein |
Not Available |
| Target 1 UniProtKB ID |
P03372 |
| Target 1 Cellular Location |
Nucleus |
| Target 1 Gene Sequence |
>63 bp
ATGCGCTGCGTCGCCTCTAACCTCGGGCTGTGCTCTTTTTCCAGGTGGCCCGCCGGTTTC
TGA
|
| Target 1 GenBank Gene ID |
Not Available |
| Target 1 GeneCard ID |
ESR1 |
| Target 1 GenAtlas ID |
ESR1 |
| Target 1 HGNC ID |
HGNC:3467 |
| Target 1 Chromosome Location |
Not Available |
| Target 1 Locus |
6q25.1 |
| Target 1 SNPs |
SNPJam Report |
| Target 1 Toxin References |
- R1130 - Darbre PD: Metalloestrogens: an emerging class of inorganic xenoestrogens with potential to add to the oestrogenic burden of the human breast. J Appl Toxicol. 2006 May-Jun;26(3):191-7. [PubMed ]
|
| Target 1 General References |
3754034; 3753802; 8600466; 14574404; 7476978; 10619354; 7916651; 7539106 |
|
Target 2
[top]
|
| Target 2 ID |
693 |
| Target 2 Name |
NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3 |
| Target 2 Mechanism of Action |
Certain aluminum salts induce immune responses by activating the NALP3 inflammasome, which in turn induces the production of interleukins. (R1132) |
| Target 2 Description |
May function as an inducer of apoptosis. Interacts selectively with ASC and this complex may function as an upstream activator of NF-kappa-B signaling. Inhibits TNF-alpha induced activation and nuclear translocation of RELA/NF-KB p65. Also inhibits transcriptional activity of RELA. Activates caspase-1 in response to a number of triggers including bacterial or viral infection which leads to processing and release of IL1B and IL18 |
| Target 2 Synonyms |
- Cold autoinflammatory syndrome 1 protein; Cryopyrin; PYRIN-containing APAF1-like protein 1; Angiotensin/vasopressin receptor AII/AVP-like
|
| Target 2 Gene Name |
NLRP3 |
| Target 2 Protein Sequence |
>NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3
MASTRCKLARYLEDLEDVDLKKFKMHLEDYPPQKGCIPLPRGQTEKADHVDLATLMIDFN
GEEKAWAMAVWIFAAINRRDLYEKAKRDEPKWGSDNARVSNPTVICQEDSIEEEWMGLLE
YLSRISICKMKKDYRKKYRKYVRSRFQCIEDRNARLGESVSLNKRYTRLRLIKEHRSQQE
REQELLAIGKTKTCESPVSPIKMELLFDPDDEHSEPVHTVVFQGAAGIGKTILARKMMLD
WASGTLYQDRFDYLFYIHCREVSLVTQRSLGDLIMSCCPDPNPPIHKIVRKPSRILFLMD
GFDELQGAFDEHIGPLCTDWQKAERGDILLSSLIRKKLLPEASLLITTRPVALEKLQHLL
DHPRHVEILGFSEAKRKEYFFKYFSDEAQARAAFSLIQENEVLFTMCFIPLVCWIVCTGL
KQQMESGKSLAQTSKTTTAVYVFFLSSLLQPRGGSQEHGLCAHLWGLCSLAADGIWNQKI
LFEESDLRNHGLQKADVSAFLRMNLFQKEVDCEKFYSFIHMTFQEFFAAMYYLLEEEKEG
RTNVPGSRLKLPSRDVTVLLENYGKFEKGYLIFVVRFLFGLVNQERTSYLEKKLSCKISQ
QIRLELLKWIEVKAKAKKLQIQPSQLELFYCLYEMQEEDFVQRAMDYFPKIEINLSTRMD
HMVSSFCIENCHRVESLSLGFLHNMPKEEEEEEKEGRHLDMVQCVLPSSSHAACSHGLVN
SHLTSSFCRGLFSVLSTSQSLTELDLSDNSLGDPGMRVLCETLQHPGCNIRRLWLGRCGL
SHECCFDISLVLSSNQKLVELDLSDNALGDFGIRLLCVGLKHLLCNLKKLWLVSCCLTSA
CCQDLASVLSTSHSLTRLYVGENALGDSGVAILCEKAKNPQCNLQKLGLVNSGLTSVCCS
ALSSVLSTNQNLTHLYLRGNTLGDKGIKLLCEGLLHPDCKLQVLELDNCNLTSHCCWDLS
TLLTSSQSLRKLSLGNNDLGDLGVMMFCEVLKQQSCLLQNLGLSEMYFNYETKSALETLQ
EEKPELTVVFEPSW
|
| Target 2 Number of Residues |
1034 |
| Target 2 Molecular Weight |
117912.0 |
| Target 2 Theoretical pI |
6.58 |
| Target 2 GO Classification |
|
Function
|
| Not Available |
|
Process
|
| Not Available |
|
Component
|
| Not Available |
|
| Target 2 General Function |
Involved in ATP binding |
| Target 2 Pathways |
Not Available |
| Target 2 Reactions |
Not Available |
| Target 2 Signals |
|
| Target 2 Transmembrane Regions |
|
| Target 2 Essentiality |
Non Essential |
| Target 2 Domain Function |
PF00560:LRR_1
PF05729:NACHT
PF02758:PAAD_DAPIN |
| Target 2 GenBank ID Protein |
Not Available |
| Target 2 UniProtKB ID |
Q96P20 |
| Target 2 Cellular Location |
Cytoplasm |
| Target 2 Gene Sequence |
>3105 bp
ATGGCAAGCACCCGCTGCAAGCTGGCCAGGTACCTGGAGGACCTGGAGGATGTGGACTTG
AAGAAATTTAAGATGCACTTAGAGGACTATCCTCCCCAGAAGGGCTGCATCCCCCTCCCG
AGGGGTCAGACAGAGAAGGCAGACCATGTGGATCTAGCCACGCTAATGATCGACTTCAAT
GGGGAGGAGAAGGCGTGGGCCATGGCCGTGTGGATCTTCGCTGCGATCAACAGGAGAGAC
CTTTATGAGAAAGCAAAAAGAGATGAGCCGAAGTGGGGTTCAGATAATGCACGTGTTTCG
AATCCCACTGTGATATGCCAGGAAGACAGCATTGAAGAGGAGTGGATGGGTTTACTGGAG
TACCTTTCGAGAATCTCTATTTGTAAAATGAAGAAAGATTACCGTAAGAAGTACAGAAAG
TACGTGAGAAGCAGATTCCAGTGCATTGAAGACAGGAATGCCCGTCTGGGTGAGAGTGTG
AGCCTCAACAAACGCTACACACGACTGCGTCTCATCAAGGAGCACCGGAGCCAGCAGGAG
AGGGAGCAGGAGCTTCTGGCCATCGGCAAGACCAAGACGTGTGAGAGCCCCGTGAGTCCC
ATTAAGATGGAGTTGCTGTTTGACCCCGATGATGAGCATTCTGAGCCTGTGCACACCGTG
GTGTTCCAGGGGGCGGCAGGGATTGGGAAAACAATCCTGGCCAGGAAGATGATGTTGGAC
TGGGCGTCGGGGACACTCTACCAAGACAGGTTTGACTATCTGTTCTATATCCACTGTCGG
GAGGTGAGCCTTGTGACACAGAGGAGCCTGGGGGACCTGATCATGAGCTGCTGCCCCGAC
CCAAACCCACCCATCCACAAGATCGTGAGAAAACCCTCCAGAATCCTCTTCCTCATGGAC
GGCTTCGATGAGCTGCAAGGTGCCTTTGACGAGCACATAGGACCGCTCTGCACTGACTGG
CAGAAGGCCGAGCGGGGAGACATTCTCCTGAGCAGCCTCATCAGAAAGAAGCTGCTTCCC
GAGGCCTCTCTGCTCATCACCACGAGACCTGTGGCCCTGGAGAAACTGCAGCACTTGCTG
GACCATCCTCGGCATGTGGAGATCCTGGGTTTCTCCGAGGCCAAAAGGAAAGAGTACTTC
TTCAAGTACTTCTCTGATGAGGCCCAAGCCAGGGCAGCCTTCAGTCTGATTCAGGAGAAC
GAGGTCCTCTTCACCATGTGCTTCATCCCCCTGGTCTGCTGGATCGTGTGCACTGGACTG
AAACAGCAGATGGAGAGTGGCAAGAGCCTTGCCCAGACATCCAAGACCACCACCGCGGTG
TACGTCTTCTTCCTTTCCAGTTTGCTGCAGCCCCGGGGAGGGAGCCAGGAGCACGGCCTC
TGCGCCCACCTCTGGGGGCTCTGCTCTTTGGCTGCAGATGGAATCTGGAACCAGAAAATC
CTGTTTGAGGAGTCCGACCTCAGGAATCATGGACTGCAGAAGGCGGATGTGTCTGCTTTC
CTGAGGATGAACCTGTTCCAAAAGGAAGTGGACTGCGAGAAGTTCTACAGCTTCATCCAC
ATGACTTTCCAGGAGTTCTTTGCCGCCATGTACTACCTGCTGGAAGAGGAAAAGGAAGGA
AGGACGAACGTTCCAGGGAGTCGTTTGAAGCTTCCCAGCCGAGACGTGACAGTCCTTCTG
GAAAACTATGGCAAATTCGAAAAGGGGTATTTGATTTTTGTTGTACGTTTCCTCTTTGGC
CTGGTAAACCAGGAGAGGACCTCCTACTTGGAGAAGAAATTAAGTTGCAAGATCTCTCAG
CAAATCAGGCTGGAGCTGCTGAAATGGATTGAAGTGAAAGCCAAAGCTAAAAAGCTGCAG
ATCCAGCCCAGCCAGCTGGAATTGTTCTACTGTTTGTACGAGATGCAGGAGGAGGACTTC
GTGCAAAGGGCCATGGACTATTTCCCCAAGATTGAGATCAATCTCTCCACCAGAATGGAC
CACATGGTTTCTTCCTTTTGCATTGAGAACTGTCATCGGGTGGAGTCACTGTCCCTGGGG
TTTCTCCATAACATGCCCAAGGAGGAAGAGGAGGAGGAAAAGGAAGGCCGACACCTTGAT
ATGGTGCAGTGTGTCCTCCCAAGCTCCTCTCATGCTGCCTGTTCTCATGGATTGGTGAAC
AGCCACCTCACTTCCAGTTTTTGCCGGGGCCTCTTTTCAGTTCTGAGCACCAGCCAGAGT
CTAACTGAATTGGACCTCAGTGACAATTCTCTGGGGGACCCAGGGATGAGAGTGTTGTGT
GAAACGCTCCAGCATCCTGGCTGTAACATTCGGAGATTGTGGTTGGGGCGCTGTGGCCTC
TCGCATGAGTGCTGCTTCGACATCTCCTTGGTCCTCAGCAGCAACCAGAAGCTGGTGGAG
CTGGACCTGAGTGACAACGCCCTCGGTGACTTCGGAATCAGACTTCTGTGTGTGGGACTG
AAGCACCTGTTGTGCAATCTGAAGAAGCTCTGGTTGGTCAGCTGCTGCCTCACATCAGCA
TGTTGTCAGGATCTTGCATCAGTATTGAGCACCAGCCATTCCCTGACCAGACTCTATGTG
GGGGAGAATGCCTTGGGAGACTCAGGAGTCGCAATTTTATGTGAAAAAGCCAAGAATCCA
CAGTGTAACCTGCAGAAACTGGGGTTGGTGAATTCTGGCCTTACGTCAGTCTGTTGTTCA
GCTTTGTCCTCGGTACTCAGCACTAATCAGAATCTCACGCACCTTTACCTGCGAGGCAAC
ACTCTCGGAGACAAGGGGATCAAACTACTCTGTGAGGGACTCTTGCACCCCGACTGCAAG
CTTCAGGTGTTGGAATTAGACAACTGCAACCTCACGTCACACTGCTGCTGGGATCTTTCC
ACACTTCTGACCTCCAGCCAGAGCCTGCGAAAGCTGAGCCTGGGCAACAATGACCTGGGC
GACCTGGGGGTCATGATGTTCTGTGAAGTGCTGAAACAGCAGAGCTGCCTCCTGCAGAAC
CTGGGGTTGTCTGAAATGTATTTCAATTATGAGACAAAAAGTGCGTTAGAAACACTTCAA
GAAGAAAAGCCTGAGCTGACCGTCGTCTTTGAGCCTTCTTGGTAG
|
| Target 2 GenBank Gene ID |
Not Available |
| Target 2 GeneCard ID |
NLRP3 |
| Target 2 GenAtlas ID |
NLRP3 |
| Target 2 HGNC ID |
HGNC:16400 |
| Target 2 Chromosome Location |
Not Available |
| Target 2 Locus |
1q44 |
| Target 2 SNPs |
SNPJam Report |
| Target 2 Toxin References |
- R1132 - Aimanianda V, Haensler J, Lacroix-Desmazes S, Kaveri SV, Bayry J: Novel cellular and molecular mechanisms of induction of immune responses by aluminum adjuvants. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2009 Jun;30(6):287-95. Epub 2009 May 11. [PubMed ]
|
| Target 2 General References |
11687797; 12355493; 11786556; 14662828; 16710414; 15489334; 11042152; 15030775; 17164409 |
|
Target 3
[top]
|
| Target 3 ID |
692 |
| Target 3 Name |
Phosphorus |
| Target 3 Mechanism of Action |
Aluminum binds with dietary phosphorus and impairs gastrointestinal absorption of phosphorus. The decreased phosphate body burden results in osteomalacia (softening of the bones due to defective bone mineralization) and rickets. (R1128) |
| Target 3 Description |
Not Available |
| Target 3 Synonyms |
Not Available |
| Target 3 Gene Name |
Not Available |
| Target 3 Protein Sequence |
Not Available |
| Target 3 Number of Residues |
Not Available |
| Target 3 Molecular Weight |
Not Available |
| Target 3 Theoretical pI |
Not Available |
| Target 3 GO Classification |
|
Function
|
| Not Available |
|
Process
|
| Not Available |
|
Component
|
| Not Available |
|
| Target 3 General Function |
Not Available |
| Target 3 Pathways |
Not Available |
| Target 3 Reactions |
Not Available |
| Target 3 Signals |
Not Available |
| Target 3 Transmembrane Regions |
Not Available |
| Target 3 Essentiality |
Not Available |
| Target 3 Domain Function |
Not Available |
| Target 3 GenBank ID Protein |
Not Available |
| Target 3 UniProtKB ID |
Phosphorus |
| Target 3 Cellular Location |
Not Available |
| Target 3 Gene Sequence |
Not Available |
| Target 3 GenBank Gene ID |
Not Available |
| Target 3 GeneCard ID |
Not Available |
| Target 3 GenAtlas ID |
Not Available |
| Target 3 HGNC ID |
Not Available |
| Target 3 Chromosome Location |
Not Available |
| Target 3 Locus |
Not Available |
| Target 3 SNPs |
Not Available |
| Target 3 Toxin References |
- R1128 - ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2008). Toxicological profile for aluminum. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
|
| Target 3 General References |
Not Available |
