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T3D0214 - Silver

Record Information
Version 1.0
Creation Date 2009-03-06 18:58:18 UTC
Update Date 2013-04-25 08:33:19 UTC
Accession Number T3D0214
Identification
Common Name Silver
Description Silver is a metallic element with the chemical symbol Ag and atomic number 47. It occurs naturally in its pure, free form, as an alloy with gold and other metals, and in minerals such as argentite and chlorargyrite. Most silver is produced as a by-product of copper, gold, lead, and zinc refining. Silver is a precious metal used to make ornaments, jewelry, silverware, and currency coins. It is also used in electrical equipment, mirrors, dental fillings, and brazing alloys and solders. Silver compounds are used in photographic film and as antibacterial agents. (S074, S075)
Compound Type
  • Inorganic Compound
  • Metal
  • Silver Compound
Chemical Structure
Thumb
MOL SDF SMILES InChI
Synonyms
  1. Algaedyn
  2. Amalgum
  3. Argent
  4. Argentum
  5. Argentum colloidale
  6. Argentum metallicum
  7. Argentum nitricum
  8. Argentum nitricum homaccord
  9. Argentum phosphoricum
  10. Astroflake 5
  11. Carey lea silver
  12. Colloidal silver
  13. Collosol argentum
  14. Epinall
  15. Pekana - argentum metallicum
  16. Pekana - argentum nitricum
  17. Plata
  18. Shell silver
  19. Silber [german]
  20. Silvadene
  21. Silver elemental
  22. Silver nanoparticles
  23. Silver(II)
  24. Silver, colloidal
  25. Silver, elemental
Chemical Formula Ag
Average Molecular Weight 107.8682
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight 106.90509302
Chemical IUPAC Name
silver(1+)
CAS Registry Number 7440-22-4
SMILES
[Ag+]
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/Ag/q+1
InChI Key InChIKey=FOIXSVOLVBLSDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Kingdom Inorganic Compounds
Super Class Homogeneous Metal Compounds
Class Homogeneous Transition Metal Compounds
Sub Class Not Available
Direct Parent Homogeneous Transition Metal Compounds
Alternative Parents Not Available
Molecular Framework Acyclic Compounds
Substituents Not Available
External Descriptors
  • a cation(Cyc)
  • silver cation(ChEBI)
  • monovalent inorganic cation(ChEBI)
  • monoatomic monocation(ChEBI)
  • elemental silver(ChEBI)
DrugBank ID Not Available
PubChem Compound ID 23954 Link_out
KEGG ID C06710 Link_out
UniProt ID Not Available
OMIM ID 155550 180860 224410 270685 312780 Link_out
ChEBI ID 9141 Link_out
BioCyc ID AG%2b Link_out
CTD ID D012834 Link_out
Stitch ID Silver Link_out
PDB ID Not Available
ACToR ID 6532
Wikipedia Link http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver Link_out
Physical Properties
Appearance White metallic solid.
Melting Point 960.5 C
Solubility Not Available
Predicted LogP -0.73
Toxicity Profile
Route of Exposure Oral (S074) ; inhalation (S074) ; dermal (S074)
Mechanism of Action Metallic silver is oxidized and may deposit in the tissues, causing arygria. The silver ion is known to inhibit glutathione peroxidase and NA+,K+-ATPase activity, respectively disrupting selenium-catalyzed sulfhydryl oxidation-reduction reactions and intracellular ion concentrations. Silver nanoparticles are believed to disrupt the mitochondrial respiratory chain, causing oxidative stress, reduced ATP synthesis, and DNA damage. (S074, S077, S078, S079, S080)
Metabolism Silver and its compounds can be absorbed via inhalation, orally and dermally. It distributes throughout the body, particularily to the liver. Insoluble silver salts are transformed into soluble silver sulfide albuminates, bind to amino or carboxyl groups in RNA, DNA, and proteins, or are reduced to metallic silver by ascorbic acid or catecholamines. Metallic silver is oxidized and may deposit in the tissues, causing arygria. Silver is eliminated primarily in the faeces. (S074)
Toxicity Values LD50: 100 mg/kg (Oral, Mouse) (R371)
Lethal Dose Not Available
Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification) Not Available
Uses/Sources Most silver is produced as a by-product of copper, gold, lead, and zinc refining. Silver is a precious metal used to make ornaments, jewelry, silverware, and currency coins. It is also used in electrical equipment, mirrors, dental fillings, and brazing alloys and solders. Silver compounds are used in photographic film and as antibacterial agents. (S074, S075)
Minimum Risk Level Not Available
Health Effects Exposure to high levels of silver for a long period of time may result in a condition called arygria, a blue-gray discoloration of the skin and other body tissues. Argyria is a permanent effect but does not appear to be harmful to health. While silver itself is not toxic, most silver salts are, and may damage the liver, kidney, and central nervous system, as well as be carcinogenic. (S074, S075, S076)
Symptoms Exposure to high levels of silver for a long period of time may result in a condition called arygria, a blue-gray discoloration of the skin and other body tissues. Argyria is a permanent effect but does not appear to be harmful to health. Exposure to high levels of silver in the air has resulted in breathing problems, lung and throat irritation, and stomach pains. Skin contact with silver can cause mild allergic reactions such as rash, swelling, and inflammation in some people. (S074)
Treatment Not Available
References
General References
  • S074 — ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (1990). Toxicological profile for silver. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [Link]
  • S075 — Wikipedia. Silver. Last Updated 17 June 2009. [Link]
  • S077 — Bianchini A, Playle RC, Wood CM, Walsh PJ: Mechanism of acute silver toxicity in marine invertebrates. Aquat Toxicol. 2005 Mar 25;72(1-2):67-82. Epub 2004 Dec 29. [15748748 Link_out]
  • S078 — AshaRani PV, Low Kah Mun G, Hande MP, Valiyaveettil S: Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of silver nanoparticles in human cells. ACS Nano. 2009 Feb 24;3(2):279-90. [19236062 Link_out]
  • S079 — Kim S, Choi JE, Choi J, Chung KH, Park K, Yi J, Ryu DY: Oxidative stress-dependent toxicity of silver nanoparticles in human hepatoma cells. Toxicol In Vitro. 2009 Jun 7. [19508889 Link_out]
  • S080 — Dillard CJ, Tappel AL: Mercury, silver, and gold inhibition of selenium-accelerated cysteine oxidation. J Inorg Biochem. 1986 Sep;28(1):13-20. [3760861 Link_out]
  • R371 — Lewis RJ (2000). Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 10th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company.
  • S076 — International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) INCHEM (1977). WHO Food Additive Series No. 12: Silver. [Link]

Targets

1. Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit gamma

May be involved in forming the receptor site for cardiac glycoside binding or may modulate the transport function of the sodium ATPase.

The silver ion is known to inhibit NA+,K+-ATPase activity, disrupting intracellular ion concentrations. (S077)
UniProt ID: P54710 Link_out
Gene: FXYD2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out
References:
  • S077 — Bianchini A, Playle RC, Wood CM, Walsh PJ: Mechanism of acute silver toxicity in marine invertebrates. Aquat Toxicol. 2005 Mar 25;72(1-2):67-82. Epub 2004 Dec 29. [15748748 Link_out]

2. Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-1

This is the catalytic component of the active enzyme, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the exchange of sodium and potassium ions across the plasma membrane. This action creates the electrochemical gradient of sodium and potassium ions, providing the energy for active transport of various nutrients.

The silver ion is known to inhibit NA+,K+-ATPase activity, disrupting intracellular ion concentrations. (S077)
UniProt ID: P05023 Link_out
Gene: ATP1A1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out
References:
  • S077 — Bianchini A, Playle RC, Wood CM, Walsh PJ: Mechanism of acute silver toxicity in marine invertebrates. Aquat Toxicol. 2005 Mar 25;72(1-2):67-82. Epub 2004 Dec 29. [15748748 Link_out]

3. Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-2

This is the catalytic component of the active enzyme, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the exchange of sodium and potassium ions across the plasma membrane. This action creates the electrochemical gradient of sodium and potassium, providing the energy for active transport of various nutrients.

The silver ion is known to inhibit NA+,K+-ATPase activity, disrupting intracellular ion concentrations. (S077)
UniProt ID: P50993 Link_out
Gene: ATP1A2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out
References:
  • S077 — Bianchini A, Playle RC, Wood CM, Walsh PJ: Mechanism of acute silver toxicity in marine invertebrates. Aquat Toxicol. 2005 Mar 25;72(1-2):67-82. Epub 2004 Dec 29. [15748748 Link_out]

4. Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-3

This is the catalytic component of the active enzyme, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the exchange of sodium and potassium ions across the plasma membrane. This action creates the electrochemical gradient of sodium and potassium ions, providing the energy for active transport of various nutrients.

The silver ion is known to inhibit NA+,K+-ATPase activity, disrupting intracellular ion concentrations. (S077)
UniProt ID: P13637 Link_out
Gene: ATP1A3 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out
References:
  • S077 — Bianchini A, Playle RC, Wood CM, Walsh PJ: Mechanism of acute silver toxicity in marine invertebrates. Aquat Toxicol. 2005 Mar 25;72(1-2):67-82. Epub 2004 Dec 29. [15748748 Link_out]

5. Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-4

This is the catalytic component of the active enzyme, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the exchange of sodium and potassium ions across the plasma membrane. This action creates the electrochemical gradient of sodium and potassium ions, providing the energy for active transport of various nutrients. Plays a role in sperm motility.

The silver ion is known to inhibit NA+,K+-ATPase activity, disrupting intracellular ion concentrations. (S077)
UniProt ID: Q13733 Link_out
Gene: ATP1A4 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out
References:
  • S077 — Bianchini A, Playle RC, Wood CM, Walsh PJ: Mechanism of acute silver toxicity in marine invertebrates. Aquat Toxicol. 2005 Mar 25;72(1-2):67-82. Epub 2004 Dec 29. [15748748 Link_out]

6. Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-1

This is the non-catalytic component of the active enzyme, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the exchange of Na(+) and K(+) ions across the plasma membrane. The beta subunit regulates, through assembly of alpha/beta heterodimers, the number of sodium pumps transported to the plasma membrane.

The silver ion is known to inhibit NA+,K+-ATPase activity, disrupting intracellular ion concentrations. (S077)
UniProt ID: P05026 Link_out
Gene: ATP1B1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out
References:
  • S077 — Bianchini A, Playle RC, Wood CM, Walsh PJ: Mechanism of acute silver toxicity in marine invertebrates. Aquat Toxicol. 2005 Mar 25;72(1-2):67-82. Epub 2004 Dec 29. [15748748 Link_out]

7. Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-2

This is the non-catalytic component of the active enzyme, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the exchange of Na(+) and K(+) ions across the plasma membrane. The exact function of the beta-2 subunit is not known.

The silver ion is known to inhibit NA+,K+-ATPase activity, disrupting intracellular ion concentrations. (S077)
UniProt ID: P14415 Link_out
Gene: ATP1B2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out
References:
  • S077 — Bianchini A, Playle RC, Wood CM, Walsh PJ: Mechanism of acute silver toxicity in marine invertebrates. Aquat Toxicol. 2005 Mar 25;72(1-2):67-82. Epub 2004 Dec 29. [15748748 Link_out]

8. Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-3

This is the non-catalytic component of the active enzyme, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the exchange of Na(+) and K(+) ions across the plasma membrane. The exact function of the beta-3 subunit is not known.

The silver ion is known to inhibit NA+,K+-ATPase activity, disrupting intracellular ion concentrations. (S077)
UniProt ID: P54709 Link_out
Gene: ATP1B3 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out
References:
  • S077 — Bianchini A, Playle RC, Wood CM, Walsh PJ: Mechanism of acute silver toxicity in marine invertebrates. Aquat Toxicol. 2005 Mar 25;72(1-2):67-82. Epub 2004 Dec 29. [15748748 Link_out]

9. Glutathione peroxidase 1

Protects the hemoglobin in erythrocytes from oxidative breakdown.

The silver ion is known to inhibit glutathione peroxidase activity, disrupting selenium-catalyzed sulfhydryl oxidation-reduction reactions. (S080)
UniProt ID: P07203 Link_out
Gene: GPX1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out
References:
  • S080 — Dillard CJ, Tappel AL: Mercury, silver, and gold inhibition of selenium-accelerated cysteine oxidation. J Inorg Biochem. 1986 Sep;28(1):13-20. [3760861 Link_out]

10. Glutathione peroxidase 2

Could play a major role in protecting mammals from the toxicity of ingested organic hydroperoxides. Tert-butyl hydroperoxide, cumene hydroperoxide and linoleic acid hydroperoxide but not phosphatidycholine hydroperoxide, can act as acceptors.

The silver ion is known to inhibit glutathione peroxidase activity, disrupting selenium-catalyzed sulfhydryl oxidation-reduction reactions. (S080)
UniProt ID: P18283 Link_out
Gene: GPX2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out
References:
  • S080 — Dillard CJ, Tappel AL: Mercury, silver, and gold inhibition of selenium-accelerated cysteine oxidation. J Inorg Biochem. 1986 Sep;28(1):13-20. [3760861 Link_out]

11. Glutathione peroxidase 3

Protects cells and enzymes from oxidative damage, by catalyzing the reduction of hydrogen peroxide, lipid peroxides and organic hydroperoxide, by glutathione.

The silver ion is known to inhibit glutathione peroxidase activity, disrupting selenium-catalyzed sulfhydryl oxidation-reduction reactions. (S080)
UniProt ID: P22352 Link_out
Gene: GPX3 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out
References:
  • S080 — Dillard CJ, Tappel AL: Mercury, silver, and gold inhibition of selenium-accelerated cysteine oxidation. J Inorg Biochem. 1986 Sep;28(1):13-20. [3760861 Link_out]

12. Glutathione peroxidase 6

The silver ion is known to inhibit glutathione peroxidase activity, disrupting selenium-catalyzed sulfhydryl oxidation-reduction reactions. (S080)
UniProt ID: P59796 Link_out
Gene: GPX6 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out
References:
  • S080 — Dillard CJ, Tappel AL: Mercury, silver, and gold inhibition of selenium-accelerated cysteine oxidation. J Inorg Biochem. 1986 Sep;28(1):13-20. [3760861 Link_out]

13. Glutathione peroxidase 7

It protects esophageal epithelia from hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress. It suppresses acidic bile acid-induced reactive oxigen species (ROS) and protects against oxidative DNA damage and double-strand breaks.

The silver ion is known to inhibit glutathione peroxidase activity, disrupting selenium-catalyzed sulfhydryl oxidation-reduction reactions. (S080)
UniProt ID: Q96SL4 Link_out
Gene: GPX7 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out
References:
  • S080 — Dillard CJ, Tappel AL: Mercury, silver, and gold inhibition of selenium-accelerated cysteine oxidation. J Inorg Biochem. 1986 Sep;28(1):13-20. [3760861 Link_out]

14. Phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase, mitochondrial

Protects cells against membrane lipid peroxidation and cell death. Required for normal sperm development and male fertility. Could play a major role in protecting mammals from the toxicity of ingested lipid hydroperoxides. Essential for embryonic development. Protects from radiation and oxidative damage (By similarity).

The silver ion is known to inhibit glutathione peroxidase activity, disrupting selenium-catalyzed sulfhydryl oxidation-reduction reactions. (S080)
UniProt ID: P36969 Link_out
Gene: GPX4 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out
References:
  • S080 — Dillard CJ, Tappel AL: Mercury, silver, and gold inhibition of selenium-accelerated cysteine oxidation. J Inorg Biochem. 1986 Sep;28(1):13-20. [3760861 Link_out]

15. Epididymal secretory glutathione peroxidase

Protects cells and enzymes from oxidative damage, by catalyzing the reduction of hydrogen peroxide, lipid peroxides and organic hydroperoxide, by glutathione. May constitute a glutathione peroxidase-like protective system against peroxide damage in sperm membrane lipids.

The silver ion is known to inhibit glutathione peroxidase activity, disrupting selenium-catalyzed sulfhydryl oxidation-reduction reactions. (S080)
UniProt ID: O75715 Link_out
Gene: GPX5 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out
References:
  • S080 — Dillard CJ, Tappel AL: Mercury, silver, and gold inhibition of selenium-accelerated cysteine oxidation. J Inorg Biochem. 1986 Sep;28(1):13-20. [3760861 Link_out]

16. Probable glutathione peroxidase 8

2 glutathione + H(2)O(2) = glutathione disulfide + 2 H(2)O

The silver ion is known to inhibit glutathione peroxidase activity, disrupting selenium-catalyzed sulfhydryl oxidation-reduction reactions. (S080)
UniProt ID: Q8TED1 Link_out
Gene: GPX8 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out
References:
  • S080 — Dillard CJ, Tappel AL: Mercury, silver, and gold inhibition of selenium-accelerated cysteine oxidation. J Inorg Biochem. 1986 Sep;28(1):13-20. [3760861 Link_out]