T3DB Logo

Showing toxin card for Beryllium (T3D0042)

Legend: toxin field target field

Version 1.0
Creation Date 2009-03-06 18:57:58
Update Date 2010-03-18 21:52:17
Accession Number T3D0042
Name Beryllium
Compound Type
  • Beryllium Compound
  • Inorganic Compound
  • Metal
Description Beryllium is a lightweight alkaline earth metal with the atomic number 4. It is a relatively rare element found naturally only combined with other elements in minerals. It is primarily used as a hardening agent in alloys, and is also an ideal aerospace material due to its high melting point and temperature stability. (R078)
Synonyms
  1. Beryllium
  2. Berilio
  3. Beryllium element
  4. Beryllium metal
  5. Beryllium metallic
  6. Beryllium metallicum
  7. Glucinium
  8. Glucinum
Chemical IUPAC Name beryllium(2+) ion
Chemical Formula Be
Chemical Structure Structure
CAS Registry Number 7440-41-7
InChI Identifier InChI=1S/Be/q+2
InChI Key InChIKey=PWOSZCQLSAMRQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PubChem Compound ID 5460467 Link Image
KEGG ID C16460 Link Image
UniProt ID Not Available
OMIM ID 108730 142858 181000 Link Image
ChEBI ID 30501 Link Image
BioCyc ID CPD0-1230 Link Image
SuperToxic ID Not Available
CTD ID D001608 Link Image
Stitch ID Beryllium Link Image
DrugBank ID Not Available
PDB ID Not Available
ACToR ID 6383
Wikipedia Link http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beryllium Link Image
Monoisotopic Mass 9.012182
MOL File Show
PDB File Show
SDF File Show
SMILES [Be++]
Appearance Grey metallic solid.
Melting Point 1300 °C
Solubility Not Available
Predicted LogP 0.0
Route of Exposure Inhalation (R078)
Mechanism of Action Once in the body, beryllium acts as a hapten and interacts with human leucocyte antigen (HLA) DP presenting cells in the lungs, becoming physically associated with a major histocompatability (MHC) class II molecule. This MHC class II-beryllium-peptide complex is recognized by the T lymphocyte receptor, triggering CD4+ T lymphocyte activation and proliferation. The resulting inflammatory response is a cell-mediated process orchestrated by cytokines and results in the formation of (usually pulmonary) granulomas. Beryllium's toxicity may be controlled by the iron-storage protein ferritin, which sequesters beryllium by binding it and preventing it from interacting with other enzymes. (R079, R083, R235)
Metabolism Beryllium is absorbed mainly through the lungs, where it enters the bloodstream and is transported throughout the body by binding to prealbumins and ?-globulins. Beryllium accumulates in lung tissue and the skeleton. It is excreted mainly in the urine. (R079)
Toxicity Values Not Available
Lethal Dose Not Available
Carcinogenicity (IARC Classification) 1, carcinogenic to humans. (R264)
Uses/Sources Beryllium is purified for use in nuclear weapons and reactors, aircraft and space vehicle structures, instruments, x-ray machines, and mirrors. Beryllium ores are used to make speciality ceramics for electrical and high-technology applications. Beryllium is often found in alloys which are used in automobiles, computers, sports equipment, and dental bridges. (R078)
Minimum Risk Level Chronic Oral: 0.002 mg/kg/day (R260)
Health Effects Acute inhalation of a high level of beryllium can result in a pneumonia-like condition called acute beryllium disease. Chronic inhalation of beryllium can caused an inflammatory reaction in the respiratory system called chronic beryllium disease. Chronic beryllium disease may result in anorexia and weight loss, as well as right side heart enlargement and heart disease in advanced cases. Chronic exposure can also increase the risk of lung cancer. Skin contact with beryllium results in contact dermatitis. (R078, R079)
Symptoms Chronic beryllium disease causes fatigue, weakness, difficulty breathing, and a persistent dry cough. (R078, R079)
Treatment Chronic beryllium disease is treated with immunosuppressive medicines, usually of the glucocorticoid class. (R078)
General References
  • R083 - Amicosante M, Berretta F, Dweik R, Saltini C: Role of high-affinity HLA-DP specific CLIP-derived peptides in beryllium binding to the HLA-DPGlu69 berylliosis-associated molecules and presentation to beryllium-sensitized T cells. Immunology 2008 Dec 23. [PubMed Link Image]
  • R264 - International Agency for Research on Cancer (2009). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.
  • R260 - ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2001). Minimal Risk Levels (MRLs) for Hazardous Substances. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
  • R079 - ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2002). Toxicological profile for beryllium. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
  • R078 - Wikipedia. Beryllium. Last Updated 17 March 2009.
  • R235 - Lindenschmidt RC, Sendelbach LE, Witschi HP, Price DJ, Fleming J, Joshi JG: Ferritin and in vivo beryllium toxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1986 Feb;82(2):344-50. [PubMed Link Image]
Targets
  1. HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DP alpha chain
  2. HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DP(W2) beta chain
  3. HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DP(W4) beta chain
Target 1 [top]
Target 1 ID 342
Target 1 Name HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DP alpha chain
Target 1 Mechanism of Action Once in the body, beryllium acts as a hapten and interacts with human leucocyte antigen (HLA) DP presenting cells in the lungs, becoming physically associated with a major histocompatability (MHC) class II molecule. This MHC class II-beryllium-peptide complex is recognized by the T lymphocyte receptor, triggering CD4+ T lymphocyte activation and proliferation. The resulting inflammatory response is a cell-mediated process orchestrated by cytokines and results in the formation of (usually pulmonary) granulomas. (R079, R083)
Target 1 Description Not Available
Target 1 Synonyms
  1. HLA-SB alpha chain; MHC class II DP3-alpha; DP(W3); DP(W4)
Target 1 Gene Name HLA-DPA1
Target 1 Protein Sequence >HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DP alpha chain 
MRPEDRMFHIRAVILRALSLAFLLSLRGAGAIKADHVSTYAAFVQTHRPTGEFMFEFDED
EMFYVDLDKKETVWHLEEFGQAFSFEAQGGLANIAILNNNLNTLIQRSNHTQATNDPPEV
TVFPKEPVELGQPNTLICHIDKFFPPVLNVTWLCNGELVTEGVAESLFLPRTDYSFHKFH
YLTFVPSAEDFYDCRVEHWGLDQPLLKHWEAQEPIQMPETTETVLCALGLVLGLVGIIVG
TVLIIKSLRSGHDPRAQGTL
Target 1 Number of Residues 260
Target 1 Molecular Weight 29380.3
Target 1 Theoretical pI 4.88
Target 1 GO Classification
Function
Not Available
Process
response to stimulus
response to biotic stimulus
defense response
immune response
Component
cell
membrane
Target 1 General Function Involved in MHC class II receptor activity
Target 1 Pathways Not Available
Target 1 Reactions Not Available
Target 1 Signals
  • 1-28
Target 1 Transmembrane Regions
  • 223-245
Target 1 Essentiality Non Essential
Target 1 Domain Function PF07654:C1-set PF00993:MHC_II_alpha
Target 1 GenBank ID Protein Not Available
Target 1 UniProtKB ID P20036 Link Image
Target 1 Cellular Location Membrane
Target 1 Gene Sequence Not Available
Target 1 GenBank Gene ID Not Available
Target 1 GeneCard ID HLA-DPA1 Link Image
Target 1 GenAtlas ID HLA-DPA1 Link Image
Target 1 HGNC ID HGNC:4938 Link Image
Target 1 Chromosome Location Not Available
Target 1 Locus 6p21.3
Target 1 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Target 1 Toxin References
  • R083 - Amicosante M, Berretta F, Dweik R, Saltini C: Role of high-affinity HLA-DP specific CLIP-derived peptides in beryllium binding to the HLA-DPGlu69 berylliosis-associated molecules and presentation to beryllium-sensitized T cells. Immunology 2008 Dec 23. [PubMed Link Image]
  • R079 - ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2002). Toxicological profile for beryllium. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
Target 1 General References 2997750; 3036829; 2461352; 14574404; 6584734; 9234495; 9694359; 7725312; 11019928; 15663751
Target 2 [top]
Target 2 ID 343
Target 2 Name HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DP(W2) beta chain
Target 2 Mechanism of Action Once in the body, beryllium acts as a hapten and interacts with human leucocyte antigen (HLA) DP presenting cells in the lungs, becoming physically associated with a major histocompatability (MHC) class II molecule. This MHC class II-beryllium-peptide complex is recognized by the T lymphocyte receptor, triggering CD4+ T lymphocyte activation and proliferation. The resulting inflammatory response is a cell-mediated process orchestrated by cytokines and results in the formation of (usually pulmonary) granulomas. (R079, R083)
Target 2 Description Not Available
Target 2 Synonyms
  1. SB-2-beta
Target 2 Gene Name HLA-DPB1
Target 2 Protein Sequence >HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DP(W2) beta chain 
MMVLQVSAAPRTVALTALLMVLLTSVVQGRATPENYLFQGRQECYAFNGTQRFLERYIYN
REEFVRFDSDVGEFRAVTELGRPDEEYWNSQKDILEEERAVPDRMCRHNYELGGPMTLQR
RVQPRVNVSPSKKGPLQHHNLLVCHVTDFYPGSIQVRWFLNGQEETAGVVSTNLIRNGDW
TFQILVMLEMTPQQGDVYTCQVEHTSLDSPVTVEWKAQSDSARSKTLTGAGGFVLGLIIC
GVGIFMHRRSKKVQRGSA
Target 2 Number of Residues 258
Target 2 Molecular Weight 29290.2
Target 2 Theoretical pI 7.50
Target 2 GO Classification
Function
Not Available
Process
response to stimulus
response to biotic stimulus
defense response
immune response
Component
cell
membrane
Target 2 General Function Involved in antigen processing and presentation of pept
Target 2 Pathways Not Available
Target 2 Reactions Not Available
Target 2 Signals
  • 1-29
Target 2 Transmembrane Regions
  • 226-246
Target 2 Essentiality Non Essential
Target 2 Domain Function PF07654:C1-set PF00969:MHC_II_beta
Target 2 GenBank ID Protein Not Available
Target 2 UniProtKB ID P13763 Link Image
Target 2 Cellular Location Membrane
Target 2 Gene Sequence >777 bp 
ATGATGGTTCTGCAGGTTTCTGCGGCCCCCCGGACAGTGGCTCTGACGGCGTTACTGATG
GTGCTGCTCACATCTGTGGTCCAGGGCAGGGCCACTCCAGAGAATTACCTTTTCCAGGGA
CGGCAGGAATGCTACGCGTTTAATGGGACACAGCGCTTCCTGGAGAGATACATCTACAAC
CGGGAGGAGTTCGTGCGCTTCGACAGCGACGTGGGGGAGTTCCGGGCGGTGACGGAGCTG
GGGCGGCCTGATGAGGAGTACTGGAACAGCCAGAAGGACATCCTGGAGGAGGAGCGGGCA
GTGCCGGACAGGATGTGCAGACACAACTACGAGCTGGGCGGGCCCATGACCCTGCAGCGC
CGAGTCCAGCCTAGGGTGAATGTTTCCCCCTCCAAGAAGGGGCCCTTGCAGCACCACAAC
CTGCTTGTCTGCCACGTGACGGATTTCTACCCAGGCAGCATTCAAGTCCGATGGTTCCTG
AATGGACAGGAGGAAACAGCTGGGGTCGTGTCCACCAACCTGATCCGTAATGGAGACTGG
ACCTTCCAGATCCTGGTGATGCTGGAAATGACCCCCCAGCAGGGAGATGTCTACACCTGC
CAAGTGGAGCACACCAGCCTGGATAGTCCTGTCACCGTGGAGTGGAAGGCACAGTCTGAT
TCTGCCCGGAGTAAGACATTGACGGGAGCTGGGGGCTTCGTGCTGGGGCTCATCATCTGT
GGAGTGGGCATCTTCATGCACAGGAGGAGCAAGAAAGTTCAACGAGGATCTGCATAA
Target 2 GenBank Gene ID Not Available
Target 2 GeneCard ID HLA-DPB1 Link Image
Target 2 GenAtlas ID HLA-DPB1 Link Image
Target 2 HGNC ID HGNC:4940 Link Image
Target 2 Chromosome Location Not Available
Target 2 Locus 6p21.3
Target 2 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Target 2 Toxin References
  • R083 - Amicosante M, Berretta F, Dweik R, Saltini C: Role of high-affinity HLA-DP specific CLIP-derived peptides in beryllium binding to the HLA-DPGlu69 berylliosis-associated molecules and presentation to beryllium-sensitized T cells. Immunology 2008 Dec 23. [PubMed Link Image]
  • R079 - ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2002). Toxicological profile for beryllium. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
Target 2 General References 2998758; 6098459
Target 3 [top]
Target 3 ID 341
Target 3 Name HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DP(W4) beta chain
Target 3 Mechanism of Action Once in the body, beryllium acts as a hapten and interacts with human leucocyte antigen (HLA) DP presenting cells in the lungs, becoming physically associated with a major histocompatability (MHC) class II molecule. This MHC class II-beryllium-peptide complex is recognized by the T lymphocyte receptor, triggering CD4+ T lymphocyte activation and proliferation. The resulting inflammatory response is a cell-mediated process orchestrated by cytokines and results in the formation of (usually pulmonary) granulomas. (R079, R083)
Target 3 Description Not Available
Target 3 Synonyms Not Available
Target 3 Gene Name HLA-DPB1
Target 3 Protein Sequence >HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DP(W4) beta chain 
MMVLQVSAAPRTVALTALLMVLLTSVVQGRATPENYLFQGRQECYAFNGTQRFLERYIYN
REEFARFDSDVGEFRAVTELGRPAAEYWNSQKDILEEKRAVPDRMCRHNYELGGPMTLQR
RVQPRVNVSPSKKGPLQHHNLLVCHVTDFYPGSIQVRWFLNGQEETAGVVSTNLIRNGDW
TFQILVMLEMTPQQGDVYTCQVEHTSLDSPVTVEWKAQSDSARSKTLTGAGGFVLGLIIC
GVGIFMHRRSKKVQRGSA
Target 3 Number of Residues 258
Target 3 Molecular Weight 29159.2
Target 3 Theoretical pI 8.71
Target 3 GO Classification
Function
Not Available
Process
response to stimulus
response to biotic stimulus
defense response
immune response
Component
cell
membrane
Target 3 General Function Involved in antigen processing and presentation of pept
Target 3 Pathways Not Available
Target 3 Reactions Not Available
Target 3 Signals
  • 1-29
Target 3 Transmembrane Regions
  • 226-246
Target 3 Essentiality Non Essential
Target 3 Domain Function PF07654:C1-set PF00969:MHC_II_beta
Target 3 GenBank ID Protein Not Available
Target 3 UniProtKB ID P04440 Link Image
Target 3 Cellular Location Membrane
Target 3 Gene Sequence >777 bp 
TTGCCATCCTTTTCCAGCACCATGATGGTTCTGCAGGTTTCTGCGGCCCCCCGGACAGTG
GCTCTGACGGCGTTACTGATGGTGCTGCTCACATCTGTGGTCCAGGGCAGGGCCACTCCA
GAGAATTACCTTTTCCAGGGACGGCAGGAATGCTACGCGTTTAATGGGACACAGCGCTTC
CTGGAGAGATACATCTACAACCGGGAGGAGTTCGCGCGCTTCGACAGCGACGTGGGGGAG
TTCCGGGCGGTGACGGAGCTGGGGCGGCCTGCTGCGGAGTACTGGAACAGCCAGAAGGAC
ATCCTGGAGGAGAAGCGGGCAGTGCCGGACAGGATGTGCAGACACAACTACGAGCTGGGC
GGGCCCATGACCCTGCAGCGCCGAGTCCAGCCTAGGGTGAATGTTTCCCCCTCCAAGAAG
GGGCCCTTGCAGCACCACAACCTGCTTGTCTGCCACGTGACGGATTTCTACCCAGGCAGC
ATTCAAGTCCGATGGTTCCTGAATGGACAGGAGGAAACAGCTGGGGTCGTGTCCACCAAC
CTGATCCGTAATGGAGACTGGACCTTCCAGATCCTGGTGATGCTGGAAATGACCCCCCAG
CAGGGAGATGTCTACACCTGCCAAGTGGAGCACACCAGCCTGGATAGTCCTGTCACCGTG
GAGTGGAAGGCACAGTCTGATTCTGCCCGGAGTAAGACATTGACGGGAGCTGGGGGCTTC
GTGCTGGGGCTCATCATCTGTGGAGTGGGCATCTTCATGCACAGGAGGAGCAAGAAA
Target 3 GenBank Gene ID Not Available
Target 3 GeneCard ID HLA-DPB1 Link Image
Target 3 GenAtlas ID HLA-DPB1 Link Image
Target 3 HGNC ID HGNC:4940 Link Image
Target 3 Chromosome Location Not Available
Target 3 Locus 6p21.3
Target 3 SNPs SNPJam Report Link Image
Target 3 Toxin References
  • R083 - Amicosante M, Berretta F, Dweik R, Saltini C: Role of high-affinity HLA-DP specific CLIP-derived peptides in beryllium binding to the HLA-DPGlu69 berylliosis-associated molecules and presentation to beryllium-sensitized T cells. Immunology 2008 Dec 23. [PubMed Link Image]
  • R079 - ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2002). Toxicological profile for beryllium. U.S. Public Health Service in collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
Target 3 General References 2987832; 2838415; 3036829; 15489334; 2714855; 2460556; 2242906

This project is supported by Genome Alberta & Genome Canada, a not-for-profit organization that is leading Canada's national genomics strategy with $600 million in funding from the federal government.